Allergy and Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

gas exchange
sympathetic simulation: beta 2 receptors, bronchodilaton
parasympathetic stimulation: muscarinic receptors, bronchoconstriction

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2
Q

types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

A

chronic bronchitits

emphysema

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3
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

Chronic inflammation and irritation of respiratory tract, thickened mucus secretions, interference of gas exchange

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4
Q

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A

Difficulty breathing, chronic productive cough, increased respiratory infections

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5
Q

Causes an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

A

Smoking and pollutants

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6
Q

Emphysema

A

Destruction of alveoli, enlargement of air spaces, expiratory air becomes trapped, respiratory exchange is reduced

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7
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A

SOB, activity intolerance

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8
Q

What is emphysema strongly correlated from

A

smoking

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9
Q

COPD treated with

A

Steroids and bronchodilators

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10
Q

Asthma

A

airway obstruction, inflammation of bronchioles causing bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, increased production of bronchial mucus

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11
Q

What are precipitating factors of asthma

A

Antigen/allergen, URI, exercise, emotional stress, environmental conditions, drugs

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12
Q

Symptoms of asthma

A

Wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, respiratory weakness/SOB

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13
Q

What is asthma treated with

A

Bronchodilators, steroids, allergy meds

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14
Q

When does an allergic response occur

A

mast cells release histamine which causes allergy symptoms and bronchoconstriction

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15
Q

Types of allergy drugs

A

Antihistamines, antiallergics, steroids

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16
Q

What do antihistamines do

A

Block histamine from receptors

17
Q

What do antiallergics do

A

Prevent mast cells from releasing histamine and leukotrienes

18
Q

What do steroids do

A

Decrease inflammatory response

19
Q

What is allergic rhinitis

A

Immune system become sensitized and overreacts to something in the environment

20
Q

What are the types of allergic rhinitis

A

Seasonal and perennial

21
Q

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

A

Symptoms can occur in spring, summer, and early fall

Usually caused by allergic sensitivity to airborne mold spores or pollens from grass/trees/weeds

22
Q

perennial allergic rhinitis

A

Symptoms year round

caused by dust nights pet hair or mold

23
Q

Different histamine receptors

A

H-1 receptors (allergies)
H-2 receptors (Gi issues)
H-3 and H-4 receptors (pain and inflammation)

24
Q

where are H-1 receptors

A

Blood vessels, bronchial smooth muscle, intestinal smooth muscle, CNS

25
Q

where are H-2 receptors

A

Stomach, heart, uterine tissue, blood vessels

26
Q

where are H-3 and H-4 receptors

A

Neurons, presynaptic areas of brain

H-4 = WBCs

27
Q

What happens during an allergic reaction

A
Release of histamine from mast cells 
Bronchoconstriction
Increase production of nasal and bronchial mucus 
vasodilation causing a decrease in BP
erythema
Tachycardia and arrhythmias
Nasal congestion and hives
Cephalgia
Irritation to sensory nerve endings
Increase peristalsis causing diarrhea
28
Q

Categories and subcategories of allergy and respiratory drugs

A
  1. antiallergies (mast cell stabilizers)
  2. antihistamines
  3. bronchodilators
    - beta 2 adrenergic agonists
    - xanthine derivatives
    - anticholinergics
  4. cysteinyl leukotriene receptor inhibitor
  5. inhaled/nasal steroids
  6. expectorants
  7. mucolytics
  8. antitussives
  9. decongestants