Allergy and Respiratory System

Question 1

functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

gas exchange
sympathetic simulation: beta 2 receptors, bronchodilaton
parasympathetic stimulation: muscarinic receptors, bronchoconstriction

Question 2

types of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Answer 2

chronic bronchitits

emphysema

Question 3

chronic bronchitis

Answer 3

Chronic inflammation and irritation of respiratory tract, thickened mucus secretions, interference of gas exchange

Question 4

Symptoms of chronic bronchitis

Answer 4

Difficulty breathing, chronic productive cough, increased respiratory infections

Question 5

Causes an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

Answer 5

Smoking and pollutants

Question 6

Emphysema

Answer 6

Destruction of alveoli, enlargement of air spaces, expiratory air becomes trapped, respiratory exchange is reduced

Question 7

Symptoms of emphysema

Answer 7

SOB, activity intolerance

Question 8

What is emphysema strongly correlated from

Answer 8

smoking

Question 9

COPD treated with

Answer 9

Steroids and bronchodilators

Question 10

Asthma

Answer 10

airway obstruction, inflammation of bronchioles causing bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, increased production of bronchial mucus

Question 11

What are precipitating factors of asthma

Answer 11

Antigen/allergen, URI, exercise, emotional stress, environmental conditions, drugs

Question 12

Symptoms of asthma

Answer 12

Wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea, tachycardia, respiratory weakness/SOB

Question 13

What is asthma treated with

Answer 13

Bronchodilators, steroids, allergy meds

Question 14

When does an allergic response occur

Answer 14

mast cells release histamine which causes allergy symptoms and bronchoconstriction

Question 15

Types of allergy drugs

Answer 15

Antihistamines, antiallergics, steroids

Question 16

What do antihistamines do

Answer 16

Block histamine from receptors

Question 17

What do antiallergics do

Answer 17

Prevent mast cells from releasing histamine and leukotrienes

Question 18

What do steroids do

Answer 18

Decrease inflammatory response

Question 19

What is allergic rhinitis

Answer 19

Immune system become sensitized and overreacts to something in the environment

Question 20

What are the types of allergic rhinitis

Answer 20

Seasonal and perennial

Question 21

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

Answer 21

Symptoms can occur in spring, summer, and early fall

Usually caused by allergic sensitivity to airborne mold spores or pollens from grass/trees/weeds

Question 22

perennial allergic rhinitis

Answer 22

Symptoms year round

caused by dust nights pet hair or mold

Question 23

Different histamine receptors

Answer 23

H-1 receptors (allergies)
H-2 receptors (Gi issues)
H-3 and H-4 receptors (pain and inflammation)

Question 24

where are H-1 receptors

Answer 24

Blood vessels, bronchial smooth muscle, intestinal smooth muscle, CNS

Question 25

where are H-2 receptors

Answer 25

Stomach, heart, uterine tissue, blood vessels

Question 26

where are H-3 and H-4 receptors

Answer 26

Neurons, presynaptic areas of brain

H-4 = WBCs

Question 27

What happens during an allergic reaction

Answer 27

Release of histamine from mast cells 
Bronchoconstriction
Increase production of nasal and bronchial mucus 
vasodilation causing a decrease in BP
erythema
Tachycardia and arrhythmias
Nasal congestion and hives
Cephalgia
Irritation to sensory nerve endings
Increase peristalsis causing diarrhea

Question 28

Categories and subcategories of allergy and respiratory drugs

Answer 28

1. antiallergies (mast cell stabilizers)
2. antihistamines
3. bronchodilators
   - beta 2 adrenergic agonists
   - xanthine derivatives
   - anticholinergics
4. cysteinyl leukotriene receptor inhibitor
5. inhaled/nasal steroids
6. expectorants
7. mucolytics
8. antitussives
9. decongestants