All unit review Flashcards
What is the difference between the RH and LH of the brain?
The Right hemisphere control = Attention to detail, memory, Creativity, and artistic ability.
The Left hemisphere control= mathematical, logical, reasoning, verbal, and reading.
What does the right side of your brain control in your body
The right side of the brain controls the left side of your body
and
the left side of your brain controls the left side of your body.
Brocas vs Wrenkis
Brocas = Mouth movement and pronunciation. Located on the left side of the brain.
Wrenkis Speech comprehension and recognition of speech.
Cerebral cortex
(Grey matter) the four lobes: Frontal, Partial (senses and touch), Temporal (sound, smell, and emotions), and Occipital.
Located above the cerebrum/outer layer of the cerebrum. Includes intellectual/ higher level thinking and processing.
Cerebrum
Includes the LH and RH (frontal parts including W&B)
Different areas of the cerebrum have different functions including more creative and movement-based thinking (spatial awareness)
The largest part of the brain
Cerebral spinal fluid
Provides a blood-brain barrier and helps defend against infections and removes toxins.
Interstitial cells vs stolicells
Interstial LH stimulates interstali cells to start producing testosterone. (Outside seminiferous tubules)
Stolicells =Control the environment where the sperm is made in the seminiferous tubules. FSH.
(Inside seminiferous tubules)
Discoveries made about DNA
1) X-rays showed the double helix model
2) DNA molecules are composed of deoxyribose, sugar, phosphate, and bases
3) The discovery of what bases paired together.
What strand does mRNA use to code for
mRNA uses the template (bottom) strand during transcription.
Sporophyte and gametophyte cycle
1) a Sporophye (2n) can produce a haploid seed when it completes meiosis.
2) The haploid seed grows without fusion to become a gametophyte
3) The gametophyte (n) produces male and female seeds which then fuse to make a diploid seed
the cycle repeats
Transcription
1) Helicase helps unzip the DNA
2) mRNA codes/matches with the exposed template strand of DNA
3) mRNA is proofread and introns are removed
4) mRNA leaves the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
Translation
In the cytoplasm
1) mRNA binds with the ribosome (helps with protein synthesis)
2) tRNA helps guide the mRNA one codon at a time
3) tRNA attaches the amino acid chain
Cloning
(Male)
1) Donor cells and egg cells collected
2) egg nucleus removed
3) to cells are spliced together using electric shock.
4) Fused cells begin to divide normally and are inserted into the host uterus.
What is not needed: the egg nucleus
Gel electrophoresis
1) DNA is cut using a restriction enzyme
2) DNA has a negative charge so it migrates toward the positive
3) Banding pattern shows and DNA can be analyzed.
Cochlea
Organ of Corti
The hair cells attached to the basilar membrane move when sound waves brush passed them and send and electrochemical signal to the auditory nerves.
Chemoreceptors
Receptors in taste buds and olfactory bulbs in the nose. Send signals when impulses are detected. Ex you smell something bad your reflex would be to move away.
Proporecteptors
Detects stretch in muscles and glands when walking on uneven surfaces.
Mechanoreceptors
Detect touch/pleasure, vibration, and sound
Follicular stage
(6-13) Estrogen is present during the phase of growing and nourishing the follicles.
luteal stage
(15-28) Progesterone is present. The Corpus Luteum stays intact and continues releasing hormones to help build the uterine lining to prepare for potential implantation.
Ectoderm
Skin, tooth enamel, nervous tissue, and eyelids
Endoderm
Pancerase, thyroid, parathyroid, and liver
Mesoderm
Heart, blood tissue, connective tissue.
Post-pituitary hormones
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic, and alderstone
Anterior pituitary hormone
TSH, LH, FSH, HGH, prolactin, adrentotropic hormone.
Chronic Villi
In placenta tissue that contains genetic information for the baby
How does the mother’s blood benefit the baby without harming it?
The mother’s blood provides oxygen and nutrients for the baby that are transferred across the placental tissue
Then travels through the placental veins towards the liver.
How to get the growth per capita of a population
1) find the difference in numbers
2) divide the difference by the past amount
What needs to happen for a population to be in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium
1) No new mutations
2) No natural selection
3) No migration
4) No non-random dating
5) Large population
What is an example of a density-dependent factor?
Anything directly impacting an organism including competition, diseases, increase/decrease in population.
What increases a population and what decreases a population
Increase: Immigration + Nataility
Decrease: Immigration + Mortality
Glial cells
They support every neuron by nourishing, removing waste, and defending against infection.
What does resting potential look like
- More Na on the outside and more K on the inside.
- More negatives on the inside and more positives on the outside
- Na/k exchange pump actively pumps 2 K ions in for every 3 Na ions out
When is Depolarization and Repolarization happening
Depolarization and Repolarization happen back to back along a neuron when the threshold of -55 is met.
Depolarization (letting Na+ into the axon and K+ out)
Repolarization (letting Na+ out of the axon and K+ in)
Refractory period (resetting the charges so the axon can return to resting potential)
When can another action potential occur
Another action potential cannot occur until everything is rest to resting potential.
What happens at the synaptic cleft
The synaptic cleft is the space between two neurons. Or between a neuron and an effector.
In the synaptic cleft, there is the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters needed to continue the impulse. This happens through exocytosis.
Exocytosis
1) synaptic vesicles bind to the membrane (sacs containing neurotransmitters)
2) then are released into the synaptic cleft
3) Then bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic side.
(enzymes like cholinesterase might be present to help break down the neurotransmitters)
What is in the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Forebrain Thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum.
Midbrain= Midbrain of the brain stem
Hindbrain= Medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum.
Effects of parasympathetic vs sympathetic
Parasympathetic = Srimulates tears, constricts pupils, constricts bronchioles, slows heart, stimulates bodily functions.
Sympathetic inhibits tears, dilates pupils, dilates air passages, and inhibits bodily functions.
Difference between myopia and hyperopia
Hypermyopia= Short eye so up close is blurry but far away is clear. (nearsightedness)
Myopia= Long eye so far away images are blurry but up close is clear.
Where does balance relate to the ear?
In the semicircular canal, the fluid movement can cause dizzy feelings when your body stops moving and the fluid is still moving.
Static equillbreum= the balance of our body positioning at rest
Dynamic equilibrium The balance of our body and head during movement.
(Also gravitational= Keepig head upright and balanced and rotational = Rotating head and body)
What do beta cells do and how can they cause diabetes
Beta cells are cells that produce insulin.
In diabetes 2 beta cells have been worn down over time by having to keep up with blood sugar regulation.
In diabetes 1 beta cells are being attacked, with no reason why.
Difference between afferent and efferent neurons
Afferent = Before the message is received by the interneuron in the spinal cord
Efferent = After the message is received and going to carry out the response.
What does the placenta do?
The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to the baby’s system by diffusing through the uterine wall but the blood doesn’t come in contact with the baby.
When and where are the first blood cells in the baby
The yolk sac produces the first blood cells along with the digestive tract. The first blood cells are produced in the early stages of the first trimester (around week 4)
When can the sex be determined?
By week 12 all reproductive organs in the baby are developed and the sex can then be determined.
