All Debates Flashcards
Gender bias A01
- Universality V bias
Gender bias:
Alpha: exaggerates, devalues, women and sex, Bowlby monotropy
Beta: minimalises, flight or flight, Milgram and Asch
Androcentrism:
Male behaviour ‘normal’: PMS and Freud and women have weaker superego, also Kholbergs moral development
Gender bias A03
Implications:
- scientific justification for sexism
- also a methodical problem so not universal findings
Sexism in research:
- Less females at senior research level so their problems not addressed
- Males more likely to be published, also if difference found
- Sexist lab studies hold demand characteristics
Reflexivity
- Beginning to recognise ones own assumptions on their work
- Include section about how gender related experiences influence reading of events
- Marxist idea!
Cultural bias A01
- Mainstream psychology ignores culture influence on behaviour and mistakenly applies western findings across the world (asch and milgram)
Ethnocentrism:
Strange situation suggests separation anxiety ‘Ideal’ which led to misinterpretation in Germany. Reduces validity
Cultural relativism:
Mead is guilty of imposed etic.
Instead thins must be approached to study EMIC which identifies behaviours within that given culture. This is cultural relativism research
A03 cultural bias
Individualism V collectivism too simple: 14/15 studies into USA and Japan found no evidence for traditional distinction
Not all research needs to be relative: ainsowrth critiqued but interactional synchrony innate and universal. Full understanding requires both within cultures and universal study’s
Research issues: some cultures unfamiliar with research situation so demand characteristics. Also hard to operationalise variables
Free will V determinism A01
- Types of
2. Determinism more scientific
Nature nurture A01
Nature: extent to which characteristics are inheritable and innate
Nurture: levels of environment, empiricist blank slate
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Relative importance new approach: impossible to separate due to environment from birth
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Interactionist approach: innate temperament crates nurture
Diathesis: interaction of vulnerability and envrioemnt: Finnish adoptees for SZ as well as crime
Empigentics: mice, electric shock and perfume. Children scared
Nature-nurture A03
Implications of each:
Nature: criminal system and eugenics
Nurture: behaviour shaping
Shared and unshared shows cannot be separated: environment will effect each differently at differnt ages.
Constructivism: aggressive child will chose agreesive friends+
Interactionist approach
Holism V reductionism
Levels of explaintions: the more reduced the more scientific
Biological and envrioemntal determinism
A03 holism
Case for holism:
Some behaviours cannot be understood at an individual level such as S influence (zimbardo)
Against: higher levels of expliantion not open to scientific testing as cannot isolate cause-effect
A03 reductionism
For: in order to operationalise variables you need to break down behaviour into parts. Allows for replicability and Lab study
Agaisnt:
Can over simply and so loses validity. Explaintions at a neural level could not explain social behaviour. So can only be part of explaintions
Interactionist approach Hol/reduct
Diathesis stress for SZ can be explained at neural as well as social
Ideographic A01
- People studied as unique entities with no reference to group norms
- ## Qualitative research methodsExamples: humanists document to conscious experience of the ‘self’ and does not try to establish general laws
Psychodynamic made use of ideographic detailed case study but the incorrectly extrapolated assumptions as universal
Nomothetic A03
- More scientific through use of standardised procedures to measure lots of people in the same way
- ## To produce data sets to establish norms and typical behaviourAgaisnt
Loses the ‘person’. We know 1% risk of SZ but doesn’t tell us what it’s like. Overlooks the human experience
Ideographic A03
For:
Complete and compressive. May complement nomothetic as study’s areas it neglects. Case of HM
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Against:
Narrow and restricted: Oedipus complex and Hans were inaccurate.
Research methods are subjective and open to bias
Nomothetic A01
- To produce benchmarks of comparison
- Use of large samples in experiments to establish common characteristics
Examples:
REDUCTIONIST AND DETERMINISM. Use of stat testing of late numbers of people. Localisation and WMM. Cog bio and behaviourist all
