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aldehyde and ketone Flashcards

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1
Q

position of carbonyl group in aldehyde and ketone

A

in aldehyde the the carbonyl grp is at the terminal or end carbon and in ketone the carbonly grp is within the carbon chain.

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2
Q

typical representatives of aldehyde and ketone are which compounds? (4)

A

formaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde, acetophenone

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3
Q

use of formaldehyde, acetone, benzaldehyde,

A

formaldehyde in producing resins,plastics
acetone in iodoform chloroform and nail polish remover
benzaldehyde in dyes making

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4
Q

physical state of aldehyde and ketone

A

methanal ethanal are gases
lower ald and ketone are colorless liq
higher ald and ketone are solids

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5
Q

why boiling point of ald and ketone high than alkanes but lower than carboxylic and alcohols

A

more than alkanes bcs of polar nature
less than carboxyl and alcohol bcs of no intermolecular hydrogen bonding

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6
Q

structure of ald and ketone (structure of carbonly group)

A

the carbonly grp consist of carbon double bonded to oxygen. carbon atom is sp2
hybridized.
triganol geometry with 120 angle
carbon uses its 4 orbitals to make double bond w oxygen, and onamewith other atoms.

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7
Q

name only methods of prep of ald and ketones (OHOF)

A

1) ozonolysis of alkenes
2) hydration of alkynes
3)oxidation of alcohol
4)friedel craft acylation

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8
Q

what happens in ozolysis of alkene
how can we distinguish if the product will be aldehyde or ketone

A

ozone reacts with alkene to form ozonide which then forms 2 aldehydes or 2 ketones.

if the carbon of c=c double bond is attach to terminal carbon aldehyde will form
if carbon of c=c double bond is attach to carbon within chain so the ketone formed

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9
Q

what type of reaction is hydration of alkyne? and what acid and agent used

A

its an acid catalyzed addition reaction where sulphuric acid and catalyst mercuric sulphase

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10
Q

what happens in hydration of alkyne
how can we distinguish if the product will be aldehyde or ketone

A

alkyne react with water in presence of H2SO4 and HgSO4 to form enol which tautomerize to forms aldehyde or ketone.

if enol has OH at the end wala carbon, we get aldehyde
if enol has OH within carbon chain, we get ketone

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11
Q

oxidation of alcohol

A

prim alcohol oxidize to form aldehyde
sec alcohol oxidize to form ketone

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12
Q

what catalyst used in oxidation of alcohol

A

PCC pyridinium chlorochromate

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13
Q

friedel craft acylation what catalyst used

A

benzene reacts with acyl chloride to form aromatic ketone in presence of lewis catalyst ALCL3

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14
Q

reactivity in ald and ketone is bcs of ? distribution of charges in oxygen and carbon

A

bcs of polar nature of carbonyl group the oxygen has an partial negative charge (acts as nucleophile) and carbon has partial positive charge (acts as electrophile)

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15
Q

whos more reactive ald or ketone and why

A

aldehyde more reactive than ketone bcs of less hindrance due to attachment of one alkyl group

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16
Q

name only 3 types of reactions ald and ketones go through (NOR)

A

1)nucleophilic addition reaction
2)reduction
3) oxidation

17
Q

what happens in nucleophilic addition reactions and type of n.a reactions

A

nucleophile attach carbonyl carbon
the carbon hybridization change from sp2 to sp3
alkoxide intermediate forms
2 TYPES
Acid catalyzed and base catalyzed

18
Q

whats the common reason they occur?
main diff in mechanism of acid and base catalyzed nhile addition reactions

A

they occur bcs of weak n.phile

the main diff in mechanism is that acid catalyzed, the acid gives proton to the electrophile
in base catalyzed the base takes away proton of n.phile

19
Q

when is acid catalyzed occur and tell mechanism

A

when there is a weak nucleophile
MECHANISM
acid attack and donate its H+ ion to the carbonyl group and make it more positive
this enhances the electrophilic nature of carbon
the weak n.phile can easily attack the e.phile and form alkoxide and then product

20
Q

example of acid catalyzed n.phile addition reactions

A

addition of Hydrazine (NH2-NH2) and of hydroxyl amine (NH2-OH) in ald and ketone

21
Q

when is base catalyzed occur and tell mechanism

A

when there is weak n.phile

MECHANISM
the base attack the nphile and takes away its proton (H+ ion)
and make it strong
this nphile attack carbon of carbonyl group
alkoxide intermediate forms
and then the producte

22
Q

example of base catalyzed reactions

A

addition of HCN and Grignard reagent in ald or ketone

23
Q

what happen in reduction of ald and ketone and what two types of prod formed and how 2 change prod forms

A

addition of hydrogen in carbonyl group of ald and ketone.
reduction of ald and ketone
FORMS ALKANES OR ALCOHOL
by changing the reduing agent we get 2 diff products

24
Q

name only the 2 process of reduction to form HYDROCARBONS

A

1)clemmensen process
2)Wolf kishner process

25
Q

what agent used in clemmensen process and what forms

A

the mixture of zinc amalgam <Zn(Hg)> and conc HCL
alkanes forms

26
Q

what agent used in wolf kishner process and what forms

A

hydrazine (NH2-NH2) and potassium hydroxide (KOH)
alkanes forms

27
Q

what happen reduction to form ALCOHOL what prod forms

A

reduction of ald and ketone
results in prim and sec alcohols

28
Q

what agents used in reduction of ald and ketone in alcohol

A

strong agents like NaBH2 LiAIH2

29
Q

reactivity of ald and ketones for oxi reactions and why

A

aldehydes are more reactive in this as compared to ketones bcs of active hydrogen

30
Q

what happens in oxi i of ald and ketones and what prod forms

A

addition of oxygen in presence of catalyst
gives carboxylic acid

31
Q

what type of oxidizing agents used in oxi of aldehyde and ifor ketone

A

for aldehyde we can use mild or strong oxi agents
for ketones we use strong oxi agents

32
Q

name some oxi agents for oxi of aldehydes (3)

A

chromic acid (H2CrO4)
tollen reagent ( ammonical Silver nitrate)
fehling solution

33
Q

name some oxi agents for oxi of ketones

A

K2Cr2O7 OR H2SO4

34
Q

aldehyde and ket used as what in reactions

A

aldehyde as intermediate and ketone as starting material

35
Q

why formaldehyde is diffferent i than other aldehydes

A

bcs it carries two hydrogen instead of alkyl group

36
Q

glucose and fructose aka

A

aldohexose and ketohexose

37
Q

3 components of formalin and their %

A

formalin made of METHANOL(methyl alcohol), METHANAL (formaldehyde) and WATER
methanol (8%)
methanal (40%)
water (52%)

chemistry (9 decks)

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