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Chemistry > Alcohols > Flashcards

Alcohols Flashcards

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1
Q

What are alcohols?

A

Alcohols are colorless liquids that dissolve in water to form neutral solutions.

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2
Q

What are the first four alcohols commonly used for?

A

The first four alcohols are commonly used as fuels. Methanol and ethanol are also used extensively as solvents.

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3
Q

Why are methanol and ethanol good solvents?

A

Methanol and ethanol can dissolve many substances that water cannot, such as fats and oils, but can also dissolve most substances that water can dissolve.

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4
Q

How are alcohols named?

A

Alcohols are named using the same system as alkanes and alkenes, with the final ‘e’ being replaced with ‘ol’.

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4
Q

Give the name and formula of the first alcohol.

A

The name and formula of the first alcohol is methanol, CH3OH.

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5
Q

Define the term alcohol.

A

An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group attached to a carbon atom.

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6
Q

Define the term functional group

A

A functional group is the specific group of atoms responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound.

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7
Q

Define the term hydroxyl group.

A

A hydroxyl group is the functional group -OH, consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

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8
Q

True or False?

It is standard practice to write the functional group at the end when naming alcohols.

A

True.

It is standard practice to write the functional group on the end when naming alcohols, e.g., CH3OH for methanol.

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9
Q

What are the three ways in which ethanol can undergo oxidation?

A

Three ways in which ethanol can undergo oxidation:

1) Combustion,

2) Aerobic oxidation,

3) Treatment with an oxidising agent.

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10
Q

True or False?

It is standard practice to write the functional group at the end when naming alcohols.

A

True.

It is standard practice to write the functional group on the end when naming alcohols, e.g., CH3OH for methanol.

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11
Q

What are the three ways in which ethanol can undergo oxidation?

A

Three ways in which ethanol can undergo oxidation:

1) Combustion,

2) Aerobic oxidation,

3) Treatment with an oxidising agent.

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12
Q

What is the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol?

A

The equation for the complete combustion of ethanol is:

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by the aerobic oxidation of ethanol.

A

Bacteria in the air (acetobacter) use atmospheric oxygen to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid and water:

C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O

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14
Q

Explain what is meant by the aerobic oxidation of ethanol.

A

Bacteria in the air (acetobacter) use atmospheric oxygen to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid and water:

C2H5OH + O2 → CH3COOH + H2O

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15
Q

What happens when ethanol is treated with an oxidising agent like acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A

When ethanol is treated with an oxidising agent, ethanol undergoes oxidation to produce ethanoic acid:

CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3COOH + H2O

16
Q

What happens when ethanol is treated with an oxidising agent like acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?

A

When ethanol is treated with an oxidising agent, ethanol undergoes oxidation to produce ethanoic acid:

CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3COOH + H2O

17
Q

What is observed during the oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate?

A

During the oxidation of ethanol with potassium dichromate, the potassium dichromate solution turns from orange to green during the reaction.

18
Q

What is meant by the term oxidation?

A

A chemical reaction in which an element or compound loses electrons, increasing its oxidation state.

19
Q

What is meant by the term combustion?

A

Combustion involves a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen to release heat and light.

20
Q

Explain the meaning of the term aerobic.

A

The term aerobic refers to a process or organism that requires the presence of oxygen

21
Q

State the meaning of oxidising agent.

A

An oxidising agent is a substance that has the ability to oxidise other substances by accepting electrons.

22
Q

True or False?

Ethanol can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid (vinegar).

A

True.

Ethanol can be oxidised to produce ethanoic acid, which is the main component of vinegar.

22
Q

How can ethanol be synthesised industrially?

A

Ethanol can be synthesised by the hydration of ethene.

23
Q

What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

A

The conditions required for the hydration of ethene are a temperature of around 300°C, pressure of 60-70 atm, and a concentrated phosphoric acid catalyst.

24
Q

How are ethanol and water separated from the reaction mixture after hydration?

A

Ethene is separated first due to its much lower boiling point, then ethanol and water are separated by fractional distillation.

25
Q

What is the equation for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

A

The equation for the hydration of ethene is:

CH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3CH2OH

26
Q

State the meaning of hydration.

A

A chemical reaction in which a water molecule is added to a compound.

27
Q

How is ethanol produced by fermentation?

A

Ethanol is produced by fermentation through yeast enzymes breaking down sugar or starch in the absence of oxygen to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide:

C6H12O6 → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

28
Q

Define the term catalyst.

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

29
Q

Explain what is meant by the term fractional distillation.

A

A method of separating a mixture of liquids based on their different boiling points.

30
Q

Explain what is meant by fermentation.

A

A process in which yeast or bacteria convert carbohydrates into alcohol or acids in the absence of oxygen.

31
Q

True or False?

Fermentation is an aerobic process.

A

False.

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that does not require oxygen for ethanol to be produced.

Chemistry (17 decks)

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