alcohols

Question 1

what does a primary alcohol oxidise into

Answer 1

aldehyde

Question 2

what does a secondary alcohol oxidise into

Answer 2

ketone

Question 3

what does a tertiary alcohol oxidise into

Answer 3

does not oxidise because there is no hydrogen for it to oxidise with

Question 4

what are the three definition of oxidation

Answer 4

loss of electrons
loss of hydrogen
gain of o2

Question 5

what are the three definitions of reduction

Answer 5

gain of electrons
gain of hydrogen
loss of o2

Question 6

what happens when you dont immediately distil off a primary alcohol

Answer 6

it will turn straight into a carboxylic acid and miss out the aldehyde step

Question 7

define a base

Answer 7

proton acceptor

Question 8

what does acid + alkali =

Answer 8

salt and water

Question 9

why should dichromate handled with care

Answer 9

dichromate is a carcinogen = toxic

Question 10

how can aldehydes and ketones be turned back into alcohols

Answer 10

a strong reducing agent

Question 11

how to turn a alcohol to an alkene

Answer 11

conc h2so4 or h3po4 (dehydrating agent)
under warm reflux

Question 12

how can an acid catalyse a reaction

Answer 12

by protonating a carbonyl group

Question 13

how can an alkali catalyse a reaction

Answer 13

by deprotonating an alcohol

Question 14

how can glucose be turned into ethanol

Answer 14

in the absence of air yeast will catalyse the production of ethanol and carbon dioxide from glucose.
conditions - at 35-55 degrees

Question 15

what are some advs to fermentation reactipn

Answer 15

cheap
renewable becausr the glucose comes from sugar cane (plant)
low tech
can be done pretty much anywhere
low energy

Question 16

what are some dadv to fermentation

Answer 16

slow process

Question 17

what does a metal and a carbonate make

Answer 17

h2o +co2 +salt

Question 18

describe the process of fermentation

Answer 18

an exothermic reaction
carried out by yeast in anaerobic conditions

C6H12O6 (aq)———-> 2C2H5OH(aq) +2CO2(g)

yeast is the catalyst at 30-40 degrees

Question 19

define carbon neutral

Answer 19

no net release of carbon

Question 20

what is an advantage of biofuel

Answer 20

renewable energy source
most biofuels are considered carbon neutral

Question 21

what are some dadvs or biofuel

Answer 21

using land to grow the crops that will just be burned and not using the space for growing food
- deforestation
- destruction of habitats to grow plants = decrease in biodiversity

Question 22

give the equations to show that ethanol is a carbon neutral fuel source

Answer 22

6CO2 +6H2O—–> C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 —–>2C2H5OH +2CO2
2C2H5OH +6O2 —–> 4CO2 +6H2O

across these three equations six molecules of carbon dioxide went in and 2+4 came out

Question 23

why might some people not think ethanol is carbon neutral

Answer 23

to power the machinery to farm the crops. refining and transporting the bioethanol also uses energy.