AI-ConnerHarrisonabbrigedFixedno3 Flashcards
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Augustus
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The first emperor of Rome ruling from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D.
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Tiberius
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The second emperor of Rome ruling from 14 to 37 A.D.
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Caligula
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The third emperor of Rome ruling from 37 to 41 A.D.
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Claudius
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The fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 41 to 54 A.D.
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Nero
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The fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 54 to 68 A.D.
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Galba
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The sixth emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.
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Otho
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The seventh emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.
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Vitellius
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The eighth emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.
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Vespasian
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The ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 69 to 79 A.D.
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Titus
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The tenth emperor of Rome ruling from 79 to 81 A.D.
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Domitian
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The eleventh emperor of Rome ruling from 81 to 96 A.D.
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Nerva
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The twelfth emperor of Rome ruling from 96 to 98 A.D.
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Trajan
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The thirteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 98 to 117 A.D.
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Hadrian
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The fourteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 117 to 138 A.D.
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Antoninus Pius
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The fifteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 138 to 161 A.D.
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Marcus Aurelius
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The sixteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 161 to 180 A.D.
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Lucius Verus
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Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius from 161 to 169 A.D.
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Commodus
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The seventeenth emperor of Rome ruling from 180 to 192 A.D.
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Pertinax
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The eighteenth emperor of Rome ruling in 193 A.D.
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Didius Julianus
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The nineteenth emperor of Rome ruling in 193 A.D.
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Septimius Severus
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The twentieth emperor of Rome ruling from 193 to 211 A.D.
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Caracalla
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The twenty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 211 to 217 A.D.
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Geta
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Co-emperor with Caracalla from 211 to 212 A.D.
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Macrinus
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The twenty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 217 to 218 A.D.
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Elagabalus
The twenty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 218 to 222 A.D.
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Alexander Severus
The twenty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 222 to 235 A.D.
27
Maximinus Thrax
The twenty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 235 to 238 A.D.
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Gordian I
The twenty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling in 238 A.D.
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Gordian II
Co-emperor with Gordian I in 238 A.D.
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Pupienus
Co-emperor with Balbinus in 238 A.D.
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Balbinus
Co-emperor with Pupienus in 238 A.D.
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Gordian III
The twenty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 238 to 244 A.D.
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Philip the Arab
The twenty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 244 to 249 A.D.
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Decius
The twenty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 249 to 251 A.D.
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Trebonianus Gallus
The thirtieth emperor of Rome ruling from 251 to 253 A.D.
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Aemilius Aemilianus
The thirty-first emperor of Rome ruling in 253 A.D.
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Valerian
The thirty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 253 to 260 A.D.
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Gallienus
The thirty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 253 to 268 A.D.
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Claudius Gothicus
The thirty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 268 to 270 A.D.
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Aurelian
The thirty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 270 to 275 A.D.
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Tacitus
The thirty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 275 to 276 A.D.
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Florianus
The thirty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling in 276 A.D.
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Probus
The thirty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 276 to 282 A.D.
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Carus
The thirty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 282 to 283 A.D.
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Carinus
The fortieth emperor of Rome ruling from 283 to 285 A.D. (West)
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Numerian
The forty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 283 to 284 A.D. (East)
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Diocletian
The forty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 284 to 305 A.D.
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Maximian
The forty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 286 to 305 A.D.
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Galerius
The forty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 293 to 311 A.D.
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Constantius Chlorus
The forty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 293 to 306 A.D.
51
Maximinus Daia
The forty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 305 to 313 A.D.
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Severus II
The forty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 305 to 307 A.D.
53
Licinius
The forty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 308 to 324 A.D.
54
Maxentius
The forty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 306 to 312 A.D.
55
Constantine
The fiftieth emperor of Rome ruling from 306 to 337 A.D.
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Valentinian II
The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 340 A.D.
57
Constans I
The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 350 A.D.
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Constantius II
The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 361 A.D.
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Julian
The fifty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 361 to 363 A.D.
60
Jovian
The fifty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 361 to 364 A.D.
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Valentinian I
The fifty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 364 to 375 A.D. (west)
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Valens
The fifty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 364 to 378 A.D. (east)
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Gratian
The fifty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 375 to 383 A.D. (west)
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Valentinian II
The fifty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 375 to 392 A.D. (west)
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Theodosius I
The sixtieth emperor of Rome ruling from 378 to 392 A.D. (east) and from 392 to 395 A.D. (whole empire)
66
Honorius
The sixty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 395 to 423 A.D. (west)
67
Arcadius
The sixty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 395 to 408 A.D. (east)
68
Valentinian III
The sixty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 423/425 to 455 A.D. (west)
69
Theodosius II
The sixty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 408 to 450 A.D. (east)
70
Petronius Maximus
The sixty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling in 455 A.D.
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Avitus
The sixty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 455 to 456 A.D.
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Majorian
The sixty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 457 to 461 A.D.
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Severus III
The sixty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 461 to 465 A.D.
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Anthemius
The sixty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 467 to 472 A.D.
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Olybrius
The seventieth emperor of Rome ruling in 472 A.D.
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Glycerius
The seventy-first emperor of Rome ruling from 473 to 474 A.D.
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Julius Nepos
The seventy-second emperor of Rome ruling from 474 to 475 A.D.
78
Romulus Augustulus
The seventy-third emperor of Rome ruling in 476 A.D.
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Marcian
The seventy-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 450 to 457 A.D. (east)
80
Leo I
The seventy-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 457 to 474 A.D. (east)
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Leo II
Co-emperor with Leo I in 473 to 474 A.D.
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Zeno
The seventy-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 474 to 491 A.D.
83
Anastasius
The seventy-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 491 to 518 A.D.
84
Justin I
The seventy-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 518 to 527 A.D.
85
Justinian
The eightieth emperor of Rome ruling from 527 to 565 A.D.
86
Rape of the Sabine Women
Romulus invited the neighboring Sabines to a festival and women were carried off to increase the population.
87
Spurius Tarpeius
Commander of the Capitoline citadel his daughter let the Sabines into the city and was crushed by their shields.
88
Mettius Curtius
Sabine hero who fought against the Roman hero Hostius Hostilius.
89
Lacus Curtius
Swampy area named after Mettius Curtius' chariot driving into it.
90
Hersilia
Sabine woman who stopped the fighting and became the wife of Romulus.
91
Titus Tatius
Sabine co-ruler with Romulus after the Rape of the Sabines.
92
Spolia Opima
Romulus won the first spolia opima by slaying Acron of the Caenina.
93
Death of Romulus
Legend says he disappeared in a storm but realistically the senators probably killed him.
94
Julius Proculus
Senator who claimed Romulus appeared to him after death and ascended to the heavens.
95
Quirinus
Romulus was deified as the God Quirinus.
96
Interregnum
Period between kings when senators divided into ten decuriae and rotated power.
97
Numa Pompilius
Second king of Rome not warlike married Tatia established religious organizations.
98
Regia
Royal residence of the kings built by Numa Pompilius.
99
Vestal Virgins
Brought from Alba Longa to Rome by Numa Pompilius.
100
Pontifex Maximus
High priest established by Numa Pompilius first Pontifex Maximus was Numa Marcius.
101
Ancilia
Sacred shields of Jupiter housed in the Temple of Mars carried in a procession by the Salii priests.
102
January and February
Months added to the calendar by Numa Pompilius.
103
Temple of Janus
Founded by Numa Pompilius open in wartime and closed in peace.
104
Tullus Hostilius
Third king of Rome warlike fought against Alba Longa and the Sabines.
105
Horatii and Curiatii
Three brothers from Rome fought against three brothers from Alba Longa Horatii emerged victorious.
106
Mettius Fufetius
Alban king who incited the town of Fidenae against Rome was drawn and quartered for his treachery.
107
Gaius Cluilius
King of Alba Longa during the reign of Tullus Hostilius.
108
Curia (Hostilia)
First senate house built by Tullus Hostilius.
109
Fidenae Veii and the Sabines
Successful wars fought by Tullus Hostilius.
110
Death of Tullus Hostilius
Went to war with the Sabines and faced divine punishment for ignoring religion.
111
Plague
A widespread and often deadly disease that affects a large number of people.
112
Jupiter Elicius
A deity in Roman mythology associated with lightning and thunder.
113
Sacrifices
Ritual offerings made to the gods as a form of worship.
114
Lightning
A natural electrical discharge during a thunderstorm often accompanied by a flash of light and a loud sound.
115
Ancus Marcius
The fourth king of Rome known for establishing various religious practices and priesthoods.
116
Numa Pompilius
The second king of Rome known for his religious reforms and establishment of various religious institutions.
117
Pontifex Maximus
The high priest of ancient Rome responsible for overseeing religious ceremonies and rituals.
118
Fetiales
A priesthood in ancient Rome responsible for mediating disputes and declaring war.
119
Latins
An ancient Italic tribe that inhabited the region of Latium which included Rome.
120
Ostia
A port city located at the mouth of the Tiber River established by Ancus Marcius.
121
Tullianum/Mamertine Prison
Rome's first prison built by Ancus Marcius.
122
Pons Sublicius
The first bridge (made of wood) built over the Tiber River attributed to Ancus Marcius.
123
Tarquinius Priscus
The fifth king of Rome of Etruscan origin known for his military successes and construction projects.
124
Equites
The cavalry in ancient Rome which Tarquinius Priscus expanded in size.
125
Senate
The governing body of ancient Rome which Tarquinius Priscus increased in number.
126
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
A temple dedicated to Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.
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Circus Maximus
An ancient Roman chariot racing stadium possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.
128
Cloaca Maxima
The main sewer system in ancient Rome possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.
129
Servius Tullius
The sixth king of Rome known for his social and political reforms.
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Fortuna
The goddess of luck and fortune in Roman mythology to whom Servius Tullius established a temple.
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Diana
The goddess of the hunt and the moon in Roman mythology to whom Servius Tullius established a temple on the Aventine Hill.
132
Comitia Centuriata
The primary legislative body in ancient Rome established by Servius Tullius.
133
Comitia Curiata
The previous legislative body in ancient Rome replaced by the Comitia Centuriata.
134
Quirinal Viminal and Esquiline Hills
Hills in Rome that were settled and extended by Servius Tullius.
135
Coinage
The introduction of a standardized system of currency in Rome attributed to Servius Tullius.
136
Servian Wall
The first defensive wall built around Rome made of tufa attributed to Servius Tullius.
137
Tarquinius Superbus
The seventh and final king of Rome known for his tyrannical rule and eventual overthrow.
138
Temple to Jupiter Capitolinus
Completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.
139
Cloaca Maxima
The sewer system in Rome completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.
140
Circus Maximus
Completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.
141
Sibylline Books
A collection of prophecies consulted by the Romans involving a legend with Tarquinius Superbus.
142
Lucretia
A noblewoman in ancient Rome whose rape led to the rebellion against Tarquinius Superbus.
143
Lucius Iunius Brutus
A Roman nobleman who led the rebellion against Tarquinius Superbus.
144
Oracle at Delphi
A famous oracle in ancient Greece visited by Tarquinius Superbus and his sons.
145
Sextus Tarquinius
The son of Tarquinius Superbus who fled to Gabii after the overthrow of his father.
146
Lars Porsenna
King of Clusium who united the Etruscans and fought towards Rome on behalf of the Tarquins.
147
Horatius Cocles
Defended the Pons Sublicius along with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius.
148
Mucius Scaevola
Put his right hand into a fire to impress Lars Porsenna gaining the name Scaevola.
149
Cloelia
Led the hostages to freedom across the Tiber and later returned out of Roman honor.
150
Republic
Period from 509-27 B.C. when Rome was governed by consuls instead of kings.
151
Consuls
Replaced the kings as the highest magistrates in Rome during the Republic.
152
Lucius Iunius Brutus
One of the first two consuls of Rome.
153
Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
One of the first two consuls of Rome but stepped down due to his family name being Tarquinius.
154
Battle of Silva Arsia
Brutus and Aruns died while fighting against each other.
155
Titus and Tiberius Brutus
Sons of Brutus who were executed for their involvement in a rebellion within Rome.
156
Battle of Arica
Latin towns with the aid of Aristodemus of Cumae defeat the Etruscans led by Arruns.
157
Publius Valerius Publicola
Became consul in place of Brutus and played a key role in overthrowing the monarchy.
158
Battle of Lake Regillus
Battle between the Romans and the Latin League and Tarquinius Superbus.
159
First Secession of the Plebs
Plebeians succeeded to the Mons Sacer and threatened to found a new town.
160
Menenius Agrippa
Convinced the plebs to return from the secession with his parable of the Belly and the Limbs.
161
Spurius Cassius
First magister equitum and proposed the first agrarian law in Rome.
162
Gaius Marcius Coriolanus
Earned his cognomen after taking the Volscian town of Corioli and was eventually banished from Rome.
163
Battle of the Cremera
Battle between the Romans and the city of Veii where the Fabii clan was nearly wiped out.
164
Concilium Plebis
Popular council in Rome that changed from a plebeian curiate assembly to a plebeian tribal assembly.
165
Battle of Mt. Algidus
Battle between the Romans and the Aequi where Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was nominated dictator.
166
Laws of the Twelve Tables
Codification of law completed by the decemviri to satisfy the plebeians.
167
Appius Claudius Crassus
Chief of the decemviri who lusted after a girl named Verginia.
168
Lex Canuleia
Law passed in 445 B.C. that allowed marriage between patricians and plebeians.
169
Gaius Canuleius
Proposed an important law that allowed for intermarriage between plebeians and patricians.
170
Aulus Cornelius Cossus
Won the second spolia opima by slaying Tolumnius king of the Veiians in combat.
171
Aulus Postumius Tubertus
Led the Romans to defeat the Aequi in the Battle of Mount Algidus.
172
Marcus Furius Camillus
Captured the Etrurian city of Veii and proclaimed Pater Patriae and Second Founder of Rome.
173
Battle of Allia River
The Senonian chieftain Brennus led the Gauls to defeat the Romans here occupying the Capitol for 7 months.
174
Lex Licinia-Sextia
Law that allowed one of the two consuls to be a plebeian.
175
First Samnite War
Minor war centered around the city of Capua and the land of Campania.
176
Lex Genucia
Prohibited loans and usury.
177
Great Latin War
Romans allied with the Samnites to defeat a contingent of Latins and Campainians at Suessa Aurunca.
178
Battle of Mt. vesuvius
Romans led by Ti. Manlius Torquatus and P. Decius Mus.
179
Lex Poetelia
Eliminated bond servitude.
180
Second Samnite War
Broke out among a Samnite tribe dispute over Neapolis involving Rome when Capua asked for help.
181
Battle of Caudine Forks
Famous Roman disaster where the Samnite chieftain Gavius Pontius trapped the Romans.
182
Battle of Lautulae
Lesser known disaster where the dictator Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus was defeated by the Samnites.
183
Battle of Bovianum
Final battle of the Second Samnite War.
184
Battle of Lake Vadimo
Rullianus defeated the Etruscans here.
185
Appius Claudius Caecus
Built the Via Appia from Rome to Capua and the Aqua Appia.
186
Third Samnite War
War precipitated by L. Scipio Barbatus driving Samnites out of Lucania.
187
Battle of Sentinum
Romans led by P. Decius Mus and Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeated the Samnites.
188
Battle of Aquilonia
Romans led by L. Papirius Cursor defeated the Samnites in the last major battle of the Samnite Wars.
189
Pyrrhic War
City of Tarentum brought in King Pyrrhus of Epirus to fight against the Romans.
190
Battle of Heraclea
Pyrrhus fought against the Romans in this battle.
191
Appius Claudius Caecus
Aged Roman politician who gave a rousing speech against Cineas.
192
Cineas
Reported to Pyrrhus that the Roman Senate was an assembly of kings.
193
Pyrrhic victories
Term used to describe battles where the victor suffers heavy losses.
194
Lex Hortensia
Law passed by Quintus Hortensius that made all resolutions passed by the Concilium Plebis binding on all citizens.
195
Battle of Lake Vadimo
P. Cornelius Dolabella defeated the Boii.
196
Amicitia with Egypt
Rome established friendly ties with Ptolemy II of Egypt.
197
First Punic War
War between Rome and Carthage from 264-241 B.C.
198
Ap
First commander of the First Punic War defeated Hiero II and the Carthaginians.
199
M'
Roman commander who gave relief to Messana against the Carthaginians and Syracusans.
200
Siege of Agrigentum
Roman siege of the Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.
201
Battle of Mylae
Romans led by Gaius Duilius won their first naval victory.
202
Corvi
Boarding-bridges or grappling-irons used by the Romans in naval battles.
203
Battle of Bagradas Valley
Romans were defeated by the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus and Regulus was captured.
204
Cape Hermaeum
Carthaginian navy wiped out by a storm when they tried to counter-attack the Romans.
205
Panormus
Stronghold on Sicily secured by the Romans.
206
Lilybaeum
Stronghold on Sicily that the Romans failed to secure.
207
Battle of Drepana
P. Claudius Pulcher was defeated by the Carthaginian Adherbal.
208
Battle of Cape Passaro
Iunius Pullus was defeated by the Carthaginian admiral Carthalo.
209
Hamilcar Barca
Carthaginian commander who fought guerilla warfare against the Romans in Sicily.
210
Battle of Aegates Islands
Romans led by Lutatius Catulus defeated the Carthaginians ending the First Punic War.
211
Battle of Clastidium
Romans led by C. Atilius Regulus and L. Aemilius Papus defeated a coalition of Gauls here.
212
Gaius Flaminius (elder flamininus
)
Tribune in 232 B.C. proposed taking part of Ager Gallicus from the Senones and later served as Consul in 223 B.C. and Censor in 220 B.C.
213
Via Flaminia
Road built by Gaius Flaminius from Rome to Ariminum.
214
Illyrian Wars
Wars against pirates. First War (229 B.C. – 228 B.C.) resulted in the defeat of Queen Teuta by the Romans. Second War (220 B.C. – 219 B.C.) resulted in the defeat of the Greek adventurer Demetrius of Pharos by the Romans.
215
Second Punic War
War between Rome and Carthage from 218-202 B.C. Hannibal a Carthaginian general gained command in Spain in 221 B.C. and laid siege to Saguntum in 219 B.C. leading to the declaration of war.
216
Battle of Ticinus River
Hannibal defeated P. Cornelius Scipio (the elder) in this battle.
217
Battle of Trebia River
Hannibal defeated P. Cornelius Scipio and Ti. Sempronius Longus in this battle.
218
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Hannibal defeated Gaius Flaminius in this battle known for being one of the most successful ambushes in military history.
219
Q. fabius maximus cunctator
Elected dictator after the disaster at Lake Trasimene known for his delaying tactics against Hannibal.
220
Battle of Cannae
Famous disaster where Hannibal defeated G. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paullus. Hannibal used a double-envelopment tactic to encircle the Roman army.
221
Revolt of Capua
Capua revolted against Rome and was recaptured in 211 B.C. by the Romans under Q. Fulvius Flaccus.
222
Revolt of Tarentum
Tarentum revolted against Rome and was recaptured in 209 B.C. by the Romans under Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.
223
Siege of Syracuse
Syracuse was captured by the Romans in 211 B.C. after a siege carried out by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The famous scientist Archimedes was responsible for Syracuse's defense but was accidentally killed during the Roman attack.
224
Scipio Africanus
Given proconsular imperium in Spain in 210 B.C. after his father and uncle died. He defeated Hasdrubal Barca in the Battle of Baecula and played a significant role in the Roman victory in the Second Punic War.
225
Battle of Zama
Scipio Africanus and Masinissa defeated Hannibal in this battle ending the Second Punic War.
226
Cato the Elder
Famous figure of the mid-Republic known for his conservative anti-Greek mindset. He supported the Lex Oppia and served as Consul in 195 B.C. and Censor in 184 B.C.
227
Third Punic War
Occurred from 149 B.C. to 146 B.C. as a result of Numidia raiding Carthaginian territory. Rome laid siege to Carthage which was eventually stormed and destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus.
228
Conquest of Western Mediterranean
Ligurian War occurred in 181 B.C. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior in 197 B.C. The Lusitanians Celtiberians and other tribes dominated the rest of the peninsula.
229
Fight with the Lusitanian chieftain Viriathus
Viriathus used guerrilla warfare and defeated several Roman commanders including A. F. Maximus Servilianus.
230
Viriathus
Known as the first national hero of Portugal he was defeated by the Roman Servilius Caepio after his agents were bribed to betray him.
231
Siege of Numantia
A conflict that took place from 134-133 B.C. where the Celtiberian city of Numantia was captured by Scipio Aemilianus.
232
First Macedonian War
A war that occurred from 214-205 B.C. where Phillip V of Macedon attempted to aid Hannibal resulting in a series of skirmishes rather than major battles.
233
Second Macedonian War
A war that took place from 200-196 B.C. where T. Quinctius Flamininus with the aid of Aetolian League allies defeated Phillip V of Macedon in the Battle of Cynoscephalae showcasing the superiority of the Roman Legion over the Phalanx.
234
Seleucid War
A conflict that occurred from 192-188 B.C. where Rome went to war with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire resulting in battles such as the Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Myonessus and Battle of Magnesia.
235
Perseus
Succeeded his father Phillip V and executed his popular brother Demetrius on a treason charge.
236
Hannibal
Committed suicide in 183 B.C./182 B.C. by poison.
237
Third Macedonian War
A war that took place from 171-168 B.C. where P. Licinius Crassus was defeated by Perseus in the Battle of Larissa but L. Aemilius Paullus later defeated Perseus in the Battle of Pydna.
238
Fourth Macedonian War
A war that occurred from 150-148 B.C. where Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus led the Romans to defeat a pretender to the throne of Macedon Andriscus in the (Second) Battle of Pydna.
239
Battle of Corinth
Took place in 146 B.C. where Lucius Mummius led the Romans to defeat the Achaean League and destroy Corinth marking the end of the Roman-Greek conflict.
240
Affair of Pergamum
In 133 B.C. Attalus III bequeathed his kingdom of Pergamum to Rome which became the Roman province of Asia. A pretender to the throne Aristonicus opposed the Romans.
241
Relations with Syria and Egypt
Antiochus IV invaded Egypt but was dissuaded from continuing by the Roman C. Popillius Laenas. In 161 B.C. Rome concluded a treaty with Judas Maccabaeus a leader of the insurrection against the Seleucids in Palestine. In 152 B.C. the Senate supported Alexander Balas to the Seleucid throne.
242
First Servile War
A slave revolt led by Eunus and Cleon on Sicily which was defeated by the Romans.
243
The Gracchi
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus sons of Cornelia and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus were influential figures in Roman politics. Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune in 133 B.C. attempted to push land law and enforced it through the First Land Commission. However the law was vetoed by Marcus Octavius another tribune.
244
Scipio Nasica
Cousin of Tiberius who led a revolt to kill him in 133 B.C.
245
Gaius Gracchus
Roman politician who served as quaestor and tribune passed several laws including land reform.
246
M
Consul and ally of Gaius Gracchus in the tribunate.
247
Second Land Commission
Gaius Gracchus Ap. Claudius Pulcher P. Licinius Crassus.
248
Corn law
Law passed by Gaius Gracchus regulating the price of grain.
249
Milo
Rival tribune who passed counter-legislation against Gaius Gracchus.
250
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
Senate decree giving power to stop Gaius Gracchus at all costs.
251
Gaius Marius
Roman general who held the consulship seven times and reformed the Roman army.
252
War with Jugurtha
Conflict between Rome and Jugurtha King of Numidia.
253
Lucius Calpurnius Bestia
Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.
254
Spurius Postumius Albinus
Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.
255
Aulus Postumius Albinus
Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.
256
Caecilius Metellus Numidicus
Roman commander who captured towns and defeated Jugurtha.
257
Battle of Arausio
Battle in which Roman commanders were destroyed by the Cimbri and Teutones.
258
Battle of Aquae Sextiae
Battle in which Gaius Marius defeated the Teutones.
259
Battle of Vercellae
Battle in which Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catulus defeated the Cimbri.
260
Livius drussus
Tribune who was killed after the senate passed a decree against him.
261
Second Servile War
Uprising on the island of Sicily defeated by Manius Aquilius.
262
Ptolemy Apion
Bequeathed the kingdom of Cyrene to Rome.
263
The Social War
Conflict fought over whether non-Roman Italians should have citizenship.
264
Marius
A Roman legate who assisted in the First Mithridatic War.
265
Pompeius Strabo
Father of Pompey the Great he also assisted Marius in the First Mithridatic War.
266
Lucius Julius Caesar
A Roman commander who fought against the Samnites.
267
Corfinium
The initial capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.
268
Bovianum
The second capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.
269
Aesernia
The final capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.
270
Asculum
An Italian town famously taken by Pompeius Strabo during the Italian War.
271
Lex Iulia (90 B.C.)
A law offered by Lucius Julius Caesar that granted Roman citizenship to Italians who had not raised arms against Rome in the Italian War.
272
Lex Plautia Papiria (89 B.C.)
A law that allowed citizens of previously rebellious Italian communities to gain Roman citizenship.
273
First Mithridatic War (89-85 B.C.)
A war fought against Mithridates VI of Pontus resulting in the capture of Athens by Sulla.
274
Manius Aquilius
A Roman general who initially had command in the First Mithridatic War but was eventually defeated.
275
Sulpicius Rufus
A tribune who transferred command from Sulla to Marius causing Sulla's first march on Rome.
276
Sulla
The main general in the First Mithridatic War who eventually captured Rome and regained his command.
277
Archelaus
A general of Mithridates who made Aristion the tyrant of Athens.
278
Battle of Chaeronea (86 B.C.)
A battle in which Sulla defeated Archelaus.
279
Battle of Orchomenus (86 B.C.)
A battle in which Sulla defeated Archelaus.
280
Treaty of Dardanus (85 B.C.)
The treaty that ended the First Mithridatic War.
281
Second Mithridatic War (83-81 B.C.)
A minor war fought between Lucius Murena and Mithridates IV.
282
Populares
Political party in Rome that supported popular assemblies and tribunate.
283
Optimates
Political party in Rome that consisted of richer traditionalists who wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate.
284
L
A consul and ally of Marius who ruled Rome during the political divide.
285
Cinna
A consul who replaced Marius after his death.
286
Gn marius the younger
A consul who ruled Rome alongside Cinna.
287
Sulla's Second March on Rome
Sulla's return to Rome to regain control defeating Marius the Younger and Carbo.
288
Praeneste
The location where Sulla defeated Marius the Younger.
289
Battle of Colline Gate (82 B.C.)
A battle that solidified Sulla's control of Rome with Marcus Licinius Crassus commanding the right wing.
290
Quintus Sertorius
A Marian proconsul of Hispania who held out against Sulla's forces.
291
Metellus Pius
A Roman general who defeated Aulus Hirtuleius but was defeated by Sertorius.
292
Gn pompeius magnus(pompey)
Defeated by Sertorius at the Lauro and Sucro Rivers.
293
Marcus Perperna
Assassinated Sertorius.
294
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Elected consul with the support of Pompey he later revolted against Sulla's reforms.
295
Third Servile War (Revolt of Spartacus) (73-71 B.C.)
A slave revolt led by Spartacus in Capua.
296
M
Future triumvir who subdued the revolt in Apulia.
297
Pompey
Claimed to have ended the war against the revolt in Apulia and received most of the credit.
298
Lex Gabinia
Law passed by the tribune Aulus Gabinius that gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean.
299
Jerusalem
City besieged by Pompey in 64 B.C.
300
Third Mithridatic War
War fought between Rome and Mithridates from 74 B.C. to 66 B.C.
301
Ncomedes IV of Bithynia
Bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 74 B.C.
302
Battle of Chalcedon
Battle in which Mithridates destroyed an army led by M. Aurelius Cotta in 74 B.C.
303
L
Roman commander who had command against Mithridates in the Third Mithridatic War.
304
Siege of Cyzicus
Battle in which Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 73 B.C.
305
Battle of Cabira
Battle in which Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 72 or 71 B.C.
306
Battle of Tigranocerta
Battle in which Lucullus defeated the Armenian King Tigranes the Great and captured the city Tigranocerta in 69 B.C.
307
Battle of Zela
Battle in which Gaius Triarius lieutenant of Lucullus was defeated by Mithridates in 67 B.C.
308
Lex Manilia
Law passed by the tribune Gaius Manilius that transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey in 66 B.C.
309
Battle of Nicopolis
Battle in which Pompey decisively defeated Mithridates in 66 B.C.
310
Conspiracy of Catiline
Attempted overthrow of the Roman Republic by L. Sergius Catilina in 63 B.C.
311
M
Famous orator who was consul in 63 B.C. and wrote speeches against Catiline.
312
Senatus Consultum Ultimum
Decree passed against Catiline.
313
Gallic tribe Allobroges
Gave away the Catilinarian plot.
314
Battle of Pistoria
Battle in which Cataline and his supporters were defeated by M. Metellus Celer in 62 B.C.
315
The First Triumvirate
Powerful political alliance formed between Caesar Crassus and Pompey in 60 B.C.
316
Julius Caesar
Roman general and statesman who was a member of the First Triumvirate.
317
Caesar's Gallic Wars
Military campaigns led by Julius Caesar in Gaul from 58 B.C. to 51 B.C.
318
Helvetii
Tribe repelled by Caesar from Aeduan territory.
319
Ariovistus
Leader of the Suebi defeated by Caesar in 58 B.C.
320
Belgae
Tribe defeated by Caesar notably the powerful Nervii in 57 B.C.
321
Veneti
Sea-faring tribe defeated by Caesar in 56 B.C.
322
Britannia
Island crossed by Caesar in 55 B.C. and 54 B.C.
323
Vercingetorix
Leader of the Arverni who was defeated by Caesar in 52 B.C.
324
Battle of Gergovia
Battle in which Vercingetorix defeated Caesar's forces in 52 B.C.
325
Battle of Alesia
Battle in which Caesar defeated Vercingetorix in 52 B.C.
326
Luca
Meeting place of Pompey Crassus and Caesar in 56 B.C.
327
Civil War of Caesar
Conflict between Caesar and the Senate from 49 B.C. to 45 B.C.
328
Battle of Ilerda
Battle in which Caesar defeated Pompey's commanders in Spain in 49 B.C.
329
Battle of Bagradas Valley
Battle in which Caesar's ex-tribune Scribonius Curio was defeated in Africa in 49 B.C.
330
Battle of Dyrrhachium
Skirmish in which Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 B.C.
331
Battle of Pharsalus
Battle in which Caesar decisively defeated Pompey in 48 B.C.
332
Battle of Zela
Battle in which Caesar defeated Pharnaces in 47 B.C.
333
Battle of Thapsus
Battle in which Caesar defeated the forces of Pompey in 46 B.C.
334
Battle of Munda
Battle in which Caesar defeated his former lieutenant Titus Labienus and Pompey's sons in 45 B.C.
335
Caesar's dictatorship
Period of Caesar's rule as dictator from 49 B.C. until his death.
336
Consul
An elected official in ancient Rome who served as one of the two chief magistrates.
337
Dictator
A ruler with absolute power appointed in times of emergency in ancient Rome.
338
Forum of Caesar
A public square in Rome built by Julius Caesar.
339
Temple of Venus Genetrix
A temple dedicated to the goddess Venus built within the Forum of Caesar.
340
Calendar reform
Changes made to the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar to align it with the solar year.
341
Pater Patriae
A title given to Julius Caesar meaning Father of the Fatherland.
342
Conspiracy
A secret plan or plot in this case the plot against Julius Caesar's life.
343
Assassination
The act of killing someone usually a prominent figure for political or ideological reasons.
344
Cleopatra VII
The queen of Egypt who had a relationship with Julius Caesar and later Mark Antony.
345
Octavian
The grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who later became the first Roman emperor Augustus.
346
Second Triumvirate
A political alliance formed by Octavian Mark Antony and Lepidus after the death of Julius Caesar.
347
Lex Titia
A law that legalized the Second Triumvirate and granted them extraordinary powers.
348
Philippics
A series of speeches given by Cicero against Mark Antony.
349
Battle of Philippi
A series of battles in which Octavian and Mark Antony defeated the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar.
350
Conference at Brundisium
A meeting where Octavian and Mark Antony divided the Roman Empire between themselves.
351
Conference at Misenum
A meeting where Octavian and Mark Antony renewed their alliance.
352
Battle of Naulochus
A naval battle in which Marcus Agrippa defeated Sextus Pompeius who had been blocking the grain supply to Rome.
353
Battle of Actium
A decisive naval battle in which Octavian and Marcus Agrippa defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
354
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
The ruling dynasty of the Roman Empire from 27 B.C. to 68 A.D. starting with Augustus.
355
Augustus
The first Roman emperor born as Gaius Octavius who established the Principate and brought stability to the Roman Empire.
356
Drusus the Elder
Roman general who died in 9 B.C. after falling off his horse.
357
Teutoberg Forest
Site of a major Roman defeat in 9 A.D. where 3 legions were defeated by the Cherusci tribe under the command of Arminius.
358
Germanicus
Roman general who was given chief command in 12 A.D. and conducted retaliatory raids into Germany. He established the praetorian guard.
359
Gaius Turranius
First praetorian prefect who is credited with transforming Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble.
360
Forum of Augustus
A forum built by Agrippa featuring a temple to Mars Ultor.
361
Agrippa
Roman general and statesman who built the Pantheon Baths of Agrippa Aqua Virgo and Aqua Julia. He had three wives including Julia and Livia.
362
Julia
Daughter of Augustus and wife of Agrippa. She had five children including Lucius Caesar Gaius Caesar Agrippina the Elder Julia the Younger and Agrippa Postumus.
363
Lucius Caesar and Gaius Caesar
Adopted sons of Augustus who died in 2 A.D. and 4 A.D. respectively.
364
Agrippa Postumus
Son of Agrippa and Julia exiled to Planasia in 9 A.D.
365
Tiberius
Roman emperor from 14-37 A.D. known for his gloomy demeanor and jealousy towards Germanicus.
366
Germanicus
Nephew and adoptive son of Tiberius a successful general who celebrated a triumph in 17 A.D. He died in 19 A.D. possibly poisoned by Gn. Calpurnius Piso.
367
Tacfarinas
Numidian chieftain who revolted against Rome from 17-24 A.D.
368
Aelius Sejanus
Praetorian Prefect who replaced Germanicus and later plotted against the family of Agrippina the Elder. He was exposed and killed in 31 A.D.
369
Sutorius Macro
Praetorian Prefect who replaced Sejanus.
370
Tiberius Gemellus and Caligula
Candidates to be the next emperor after Tiberius. Caligula son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder became emperor and executed Gemellus.
371
Caligula
Roman emperor from 37-41 A.D. known for his eccentric behavior and short reign. He was assassinated by a member of the praetorian guard.
372
Claudius
Roman emperor from 41-54 A.D. known for his physical disabilities and conquests of Mauretania Thrace Noricum and Britain.
373
Narcissus Pallas Callistus
Freedmen who held important positions in Claudius' administration including chief secretary chief accountant and examiner of petitions.
374
Revolt of M
Governor of Dalmatia who conspired against Claudius.
375
Plautia Urgulanilla
One of Claudius' wives.
376
Aelia Paetina
One of Claudius' wives.
377
Valeria Messalina
Manipulative and promiscuous third wife of Claudius.
378
Agrippina the Younger
Daughter of Germanicus fourth wife of Claudius and mother of Nero.
379
Britannicus
Son of Claudius and Messalina poisoned by Nero.
380
Seneca the Younger
Nero's tutor and influential advisor.
381
Praetorian Guard
The emperor's personal bodyguard.
382
Domus Aurea
Nero's extravagant palace also known as the Golden House.
383
Persecution of Christians
The systematic mistreatment and persecution of Christians under Nero's rule.
384
Parthia and Armenia
Regions where political conflicts and power struggles took place during Nero's reign.
385
Revolt of Boudicca
Rebellion led by Queen Boudicca of the Iceni tribe in Britain.
386
Jewish Revolt
Rebellion of the Jewish population against Roman rule.
387
Vespasian
Roman general sent to restore order during the Jewish Revolt later became emperor.
388
Pisonian Conspiracy
Failed conspiracy against Nero's life led by Calpurnius Piso.
389
Galba
Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis and emperor after Nero's death.
390
Otho
Former Governor of Lusitania and emperor for a short period of time.
391
Vitellius
Commander of the forces in Germania Inferior and emperor after Otho.
392
Flavian Dynasty
Dynasty established by Vespasian lasting from 69-96 A.D.
393
Vespasian
First emperor of the Flavian Dynasty known for his military achievements and the sacking of Jerusalem.
394
Titus
Son of Vespasian emperor after his father's death known for his military successes and the completion of the Colosseum.
395
Domitian
Younger son of Vespasian emperor after Titus known for his autocratic rule and conflicts with the Senate.
396
Arch of Titus
Triumphal arch built to commemorate Titus' victories in Judea.
397
Damnatio Memoriae
The erasure of an individual's memory and legacy from history.
398
Cooptation
The act of adopting someone to be your heir not just a blood relative.
399
Trajan
Roman emperor who was chosen as the heir by Nerva and expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.
400
Dacia
Region conquered by Trajan led by King Decebalus and added to the Roman Empire in 106 A.D.
401
Trajan's Forum
A forum built into the sides of the Quirinal Hill by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus containing the Column of Trajan.
402
Trajan's Baths
A massive complex built over Nero's Domus Aurea (Golden House) during Trajan's reign.
403
Hadrian
Roman emperor and adopted son of Trajan known for his travels the construction of Hadrian's Wall in Britain and his admiration for Greek culture.
404
Pantheon
A temple in Rome that was rebuilt by Hadrian.
405
Antinous
A Greek youth loved by Hadrian who named several cities after him after his death.
406
Antoninus Pius
Roman emperor who ruled after Hadrian and encouraged the deification of Hadrian by the Senate.
407
Marcus Aurelius
Roman emperor and stoic philosopher known for his work Meditations and his co-rule with Lucius Verus.
408
Lucius Verus
Co-ruler with Marcus Aurelius and commander in name during the capture of Ctesiphon in Parthia.
409
Column of Marcus Aurelius
A column built to commemorate Marcus Aurelius' victories against the Marcomanni Quadi Sarmatians and Iazyges.
410
Commodus
Roman emperor and son of Marcus Aurelius known for his lavish lifestyle involvement in gladiatorial games and eventual assassination.
411
Pertinax
Roman emperor who ruled briefly in 193 A.D. after the assassination of Commodus.
412
Commodus
Roman emperor who was killed by conspirators and succeeded by Pertinax.
413
Pertinax
Roman emperor who was proclaimed emperor by the praetorian guard after the assassination of Commodus.
414
Didius Julianus
Roman emperor who won the imperial throne in an auction by outbidding a rival.
415
Septimius Severus
Roman emperor who was born in Leptis Magna and had a powerful wife Julia Domna.
416
Praetorian Guard
Elite military unit tasked with protecting the Roman emperor.
417
Pescennius Niger
Rival of Septimius Severus who was defeated by Severus in the battle of Issus.
418
Clodius Albinus
Roman general who was defeated by Septimius Severus at Lugdunum.
419
Parthians
Ancient Iranian people who were at war with the Romans.
420
Ctesiphon
Capital city of the Parthian Empire sacked by Septimius Severus.
421
Arch of Septimius Severus
Monument built to commemorate the victories of Septimius Severus and his sons over the Parthians.
422
Caracalla
Son of Septimius Severus who became emperor and had his brother Geta killed.
423
Geta
Son of Septimius Severus who was killed by his brother Caracalla.
424
Constitutio Antoniniana
Decree issued by Caracalla granting Roman citizenship to all freedmen.
425
Baths of Caracalla
Large public baths built by Caracalla in Rome.
426
Macrinus
Roman emperor who succeeded Caracalla and was possibly involved in his assassination.
427
Elagabalus
Roman emperor who worshipped the sun god Sol Invictus and forced people to worship a black stone.
428
Severus Alexander
Last of the Severan emperors cousin of Elagabalus and killed by soldiers of Maximinus Thrax.
429
Arsacid Parthian Dynasty
Ancient Iranian dynasty that was replaced by the Sassanid Persian Dynasty during the reign of Severus Alexander.
430
Maximinus Thrax
Roman emperor who succeeded Severus Alexander and was one of the 6 emperors of 238 A.D.
431
Gordian I and Gordian II
Father and son who were appointed emperors by the senate but defeated by soldiers loyal to Maximinus Thrax.
432
Puppienus and Balbinus
Emperors appointed by the senate who were killed by the praetorian guard.
433
Gordian III
Grandson of Gordian I who became Rome's sole emperor at the age of 13.
434
Phillip the Arab
Roman emperor who celebrated Rome's 1000th anniversary and was defeated by Decius.
435
Decius
Roman emperor known for his persecution of Christians and was killed in battle against the Goths.
436
Trebonianus Gallus
Roman emperor who was killed in battle.
437
Aemilius Aemilianus
Roman emperor who was proclaimed emperor by his own troops but quickly defeated.
438
Valerian
Roman emperor who persecuted Christians and was captured by the Persians.
439
Gallienus
Son of Valerian who fought against various tribes and revolters.
440
Gallic Empire
An independent empire established by Postumus during his reign separate from the Roman Empire. It included Germania Gaul Britannia and Hispania.
441
Postumus
The emperor who established the Gallic Empire during his reign.
442
M'
Former general of Postumus who assassinated him after a battle.
443
Christian persecution
The policy of persecuting Christians which was abandoned by Postumus establishing a 40-year peace.
444
Claudius II (Gothicus)
Emperor who was a great general and defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died of the plague.
445
Battle of Naissus
A battle where Claudius II defeated the Goths.
446
Quintillus
Brother of Claudius I who briefly ruled before Aurelian.
447
Aurelian
Emperor who had been Aurelian's magister equitum. He defeated Zenobia and restored her Palmyrene Empire.
448
Zenobia
Queen of the Palmyrene Empire whose empire was restored by Aurelian.
449
Vabalathus
Son of Zenobia who was made king and Augustus.
450
Palmyra
City in the Palmyrene Empire which was eventually sacked by Aurelian.
451
Restitutor Orbis
Title given to Aurelian for his successes including the defeat of Tetricus of the Gallic Empire at Chalons-Sur-Marne.
452
Restitutor Orientis
Title given to Aurelian for his eastern successes including the sack of Palmyra.
453
Sol Invictus
The Sun God worshipped by Aurelian.
454
Aurelian's Wall
A brick wall built around Rome by Aurelian measuring 12 miles long 20 feet high and 12 feet thick with 18 gates.
455
Dacia
A province that Aurelian abandoned.
456
Tacitus
Emperor chosen by the senate ruled for six months and was assassinated by his own troops.
457
Florianus
Tacitus' half-brother and praetorian prefect also assassinated by his own troops.
458
Probus
General under previous emperors who was appointed Augustus after the death of Tacitus. He finished the construction of Aurelian's wall around Rome.
459
Carus
Praetorian Prefect under Probus who sacked Ctesiphon and died possibly struck by lightning or killed by the praetorian prefect Aper.
460
Carinus
Son of Carus who ruled the west and was defeated by Diocletian at the Battle of the River Margus.
461
Numerian
Son of Carus who ruled the east and may have been killed by praetorian prefect Aper.
462
Diocletian
Emperor who initiated the Tetrarchy dividing the empire into four rulers. He was Augustus in the East with Galerius as his Caesar.
463
Tetrarchy
A system of government in which the Roman Empire was ruled by four people two Augustus and two Caesar.
464
Galerius
Caesar under Diocletian who fought against Persia and sacked Ctesiphon.
465
Maximian
Augustus in the West under Diocletian who dealt with pretenders in Egypt and established the Edict On Maximum Prices.
466
Carausius
Emperor in Britain who declared himself emperor but was replaced by Allectus and defeated by Constantius Chlorus.
467
Allectus
Emperor in Britain who replaced Carausius but was defeated by Constantius Chlorus.
468
Edict On Maximum Prices
An edict established by Carausius that set maximum prices for goods.
469
Baths of Diocletian
Public baths built by Maximian.
470
Constantius Chlorus
Augustus in the East after Maximian abdicated.
471
Severus II
Caesar of Constantius Chlorus in the West opposed by Maxentius and Constantine I.
472
Maxentius
Emperor who seized power in opposition to Constantine and Severus II made Caesar in the West by his father Maximian.
473
Licinius
Appointed Augustus in the West by Galerius to oppose Maxentius.
474
Augustus
Title given to the emperor of Rome often used to refer to the first emperor Augustus Caesar.
475
Gallerius
Roman emperor who appointed Augustus in the east after his death in 311 A.D.
476
Maximinius Daia
Roman emperor who was defeated by Augustus and became the sole eastern emperor in 313 A.D.
477
Maximian
Roman emperor who appointed Maximinius Daia as Caesar and heir in 305 A.D. succeeded him as Augustus in 311 A.D.
478
Constantine I (The Great)
Roman emperor who defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in 312 A.D. and eventually became emperor of the whole empire.
479
Milvian Bridge
Location of the battle where Constantine defeated Maxentius in 312 A.D.
480
Edict of Milan
Decree issued by Constantine in 313 A.D. that legalized Christianity across the whole Roman Empire.
481
Council of Nicaea
Church council held in 325 A.D. that resolved the Arian controversy.
482
Constantinople
Formerly known as Byzantium it became the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 A.D.
483
Apostate
Nickname given to Julian the Roman emperor who tried to restore paganism throughout the empire.
484
Battle of Adrianople
Battle in 378 A.D. where the Romans suffered a crushing defeat against the Goths under Fritigern.
485
Valentinian I
Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 364-375 A.D. and died of a stroke during negotiations with the Quadi.
486
Valens
Brother of Valentinian I Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 364-378 A.D. and was killed at the Battle of Adrianople.
487
Gratian
Son of Valentinian I Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 375-383 A.D. and was defeated and executed by Magnus Maximus.
488
Theodosius I
Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 379-392 A.D. and in the whole empire from 392-395 A.D. He made Christianity the official state religion and closed all pagan temples.
489
Arcadius
Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 395-408 A.D.
490
Honorius
Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 395-423 A.D. and moved the western capital to Ravenna.
491
Honorius
Roman emperor who turned on Stilicho and had him executed in 408 A.D.
492
Stilicho
Roman general accused of colluding with Alaric and executed in 408 A.D.
493
Alaric
Leader of the Visigoths who sacked the city of Rome in 410 A.D.
494
Galla Placidia
Daughter of Theodosius I and half-sister of Honorius taken captive by Ataulf.
495
Valentinian III
Western Roman emperor son of Galla Placidia and Constantius III.
496
Flavius Aetius
General of Valentinian III defeated Attila the Hun at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 A.D.
497
Attila the Hun
Leader of the Huns convinced to make peace with Rome by Bishop Leo I in 453 A.D.
498
Honoria
Sister of Valentinian III Attila was convinced not to carry her off by Bishop Leo I.
499
Gaiseric
King of the Vandals sacked Carthage and Rome in 455 A.D.
500
Theodosius II
Eastern Roman emperor his reign was dominated by his sister Pulcheria and wife Aelia Eudoxia.
