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AI-ConnerHarrisonabbrigedFixedno3 Flashcards

1
Q

Augustus

A

The first emperor of Rome ruling from 27 B.C. to 14 A.D.

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2
Q

Tiberius

A

The second emperor of Rome ruling from 14 to 37 A.D.

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3
Q

Caligula

A

The third emperor of Rome ruling from 37 to 41 A.D.

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4
Q

Claudius

A

The fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 41 to 54 A.D.

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5
Q

Nero

A

The fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 54 to 68 A.D.

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6
Q

Galba

A

The sixth emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.

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7
Q

Otho

A

The seventh emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.

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8
Q

Vitellius

A

The eighth emperor of Rome ruling in 69 A.D.

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9
Q

Vespasian

A

The ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 69 to 79 A.D.

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10
Q

Titus

A

The tenth emperor of Rome ruling from 79 to 81 A.D.

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11
Q

Domitian

A

The eleventh emperor of Rome ruling from 81 to 96 A.D.

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12
Q

Nerva

A

The twelfth emperor of Rome ruling from 96 to 98 A.D.

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13
Q

Trajan

A

The thirteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 98 to 117 A.D.

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14
Q

Hadrian

A

The fourteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 117 to 138 A.D.

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15
Q

Antoninus Pius

A

The fifteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 138 to 161 A.D.

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16
Q

Marcus Aurelius

A

The sixteenth emperor of Rome ruling from 161 to 180 A.D.

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17
Q

Lucius Verus

A

Co-emperor with Marcus Aurelius from 161 to 169 A.D.

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18
Q

Commodus

A

The seventeenth emperor of Rome ruling from 180 to 192 A.D.

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19
Q

Pertinax

A

The eighteenth emperor of Rome ruling in 193 A.D.

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20
Q

Didius Julianus

A

The nineteenth emperor of Rome ruling in 193 A.D.

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21
Q

Septimius Severus

A

The twentieth emperor of Rome ruling from 193 to 211 A.D.

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22
Q

Caracalla

A

The twenty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 211 to 217 A.D.

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23
Q

Geta

A

Co-emperor with Caracalla from 211 to 212 A.D.

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24
Q

Macrinus

A

The twenty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 217 to 218 A.D.

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25
Q

Elagabalus

A

The twenty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 218 to 222 A.D.

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26
Q

Alexander Severus

A

The twenty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 222 to 235 A.D.

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27
Q

Maximinus Thrax

A

The twenty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 235 to 238 A.D.

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28
Q

Gordian I

A

The twenty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling in 238 A.D.

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29
Q

Gordian II

A

Co-emperor with Gordian I in 238 A.D.

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30
Q

Pupienus

A

Co-emperor with Balbinus in 238 A.D.

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31
Q

Balbinus

A

Co-emperor with Pupienus in 238 A.D.

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32
Q

Gordian III

A

The twenty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 238 to 244 A.D.

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33
Q

Philip the Arab

A

The twenty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 244 to 249 A.D.

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34
Q

Decius

A

The twenty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 249 to 251 A.D.

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35
Q

Trebonianus Gallus

A

The thirtieth emperor of Rome ruling from 251 to 253 A.D.

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36
Q

Aemilius Aemilianus

A

The thirty-first emperor of Rome ruling in 253 A.D.

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37
Q

Valerian

A

The thirty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 253 to 260 A.D.

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38
Q

Gallienus

A

The thirty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 253 to 268 A.D.

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39
Q

Claudius Gothicus

A

The thirty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 268 to 270 A.D.

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40
Q

Aurelian

A

The thirty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 270 to 275 A.D.

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41
Q

Tacitus

A

The thirty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 275 to 276 A.D.

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42
Q

Florianus

A

The thirty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling in 276 A.D.

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43
Q

Probus

A

The thirty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 276 to 282 A.D.

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44
Q

Carus

A

The thirty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 282 to 283 A.D.

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45
Q

Carinus

A

The fortieth emperor of Rome ruling from 283 to 285 A.D. (West)

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46
Q

Numerian

A

The forty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 283 to 284 A.D. (East)

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47
Q

Diocletian

A

The forty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 284 to 305 A.D.

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48
Q

Maximian

A

The forty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 286 to 305 A.D.

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49
Q

Galerius

A

The forty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 293 to 311 A.D.

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50
Q

Constantius Chlorus

A

The forty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 293 to 306 A.D.

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51
Q

Maximinus Daia

A

The forty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 305 to 313 A.D.

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52
Q

Severus II

A

The forty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 305 to 307 A.D.

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53
Q

Licinius

A

The forty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 308 to 324 A.D.

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54
Q

Maxentius

A

The forty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 306 to 312 A.D.

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55
Q

Constantine

A

The fiftieth emperor of Rome ruling from 306 to 337 A.D.

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56
Q

Valentinian II

A

The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 340 A.D.

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57
Q

Constans I

A

The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 350 A.D.

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58
Q

Constantius II

A

The son of Constantine ruling from 337 to 361 A.D.

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59
Q

Julian

A

The fifty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 361 to 363 A.D.

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60
Q

Jovian

A

The fifty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 361 to 364 A.D.

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61
Q

Valentinian I

A

The fifty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 364 to 375 A.D. (west)

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62
Q

Valens

A

The fifty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 364 to 378 A.D. (east)

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63
Q

Gratian

A

The fifty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 375 to 383 A.D. (west)

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64
Q

Valentinian II

A

The fifty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 375 to 392 A.D. (west)

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65
Q

Theodosius I

A

The sixtieth emperor of Rome ruling from 378 to 392 A.D. (east) and from 392 to 395 A.D. (whole empire)

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66
Q

Honorius

A

The sixty-first emperor of Rome ruling from 395 to 423 A.D. (west)

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67
Q

Arcadius

A

The sixty-second emperor of Rome ruling from 395 to 408 A.D. (east)

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68
Q

Valentinian III

A

The sixty-third emperor of Rome ruling from 423/425 to 455 A.D. (west)

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69
Q

Theodosius II

A

The sixty-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 408 to 450 A.D. (east)

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70
Q

Petronius Maximus

A

The sixty-fifth emperor of Rome ruling in 455 A.D.

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71
Q

Avitus

A

The sixty-sixth emperor of Rome ruling from 455 to 456 A.D.

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72
Q

Majorian

A

The sixty-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 457 to 461 A.D.

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73
Q

Severus III

A

The sixty-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 461 to 465 A.D.

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74
Q

Anthemius

A

The sixty-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 467 to 472 A.D.

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75
Q

Olybrius

A

The seventieth emperor of Rome ruling in 472 A.D.

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76
Q

Glycerius

A

The seventy-first emperor of Rome ruling from 473 to 474 A.D.

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77
Q

Julius Nepos

A

The seventy-second emperor of Rome ruling from 474 to 475 A.D.

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78
Q

Romulus Augustulus

A

The seventy-third emperor of Rome ruling in 476 A.D.

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79
Q

Marcian

A

The seventy-fourth emperor of Rome ruling from 450 to 457 A.D. (east)

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80
Q

Leo I

A

The seventy-fifth emperor of Rome ruling from 457 to 474 A.D. (east)

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81
Q

Leo II

A

Co-emperor with Leo I in 473 to 474 A.D.

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82
Q

Zeno

A

The seventy-seventh emperor of Rome ruling from 474 to 491 A.D.

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83
Q

Anastasius

A

The seventy-eighth emperor of Rome ruling from 491 to 518 A.D.

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84
Q

Justin I

A

The seventy-ninth emperor of Rome ruling from 518 to 527 A.D.

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85
Q

Justinian

A

The eightieth emperor of Rome ruling from 527 to 565 A.D.

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86
Q

Rape of the Sabine Women

A

Romulus invited the neighboring Sabines to a festival and women were carried off to increase the population.

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87
Q

Spurius Tarpeius

A

Commander of the Capitoline citadel his daughter let the Sabines into the city and was crushed by their shields.

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88
Q

Mettius Curtius

A

Sabine hero who fought against the Roman hero Hostius Hostilius.

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89
Q

Lacus Curtius

A

Swampy area named after Mettius Curtius’ chariot driving into it.

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90
Q

Hersilia

A

Sabine woman who stopped the fighting and became the wife of Romulus.

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91
Q

Titus Tatius

A

Sabine co-ruler with Romulus after the Rape of the Sabines.

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92
Q

Spolia Opima

A

Romulus won the first spolia opima by slaying Acron of the Caenina.

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93
Q

Death of Romulus

A

Legend says he disappeared in a storm but realistically the senators probably killed him.

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94
Q

Julius Proculus

A

Senator who claimed Romulus appeared to him after death and ascended to the heavens.

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95
Q

Quirinus

A

Romulus was deified as the God Quirinus.

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96
Q

Interregnum

A

Period between kings when senators divided into ten decuriae and rotated power.

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97
Q

Numa Pompilius

A

Second king of Rome not warlike married Tatia established religious organizations.

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98
Q

Regia

A

Royal residence of the kings built by Numa Pompilius.

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99
Q

Vestal Virgins

A

Brought from Alba Longa to Rome by Numa Pompilius.

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100
Q

Pontifex Maximus

A

High priest established by Numa Pompilius first Pontifex Maximus was Numa Marcius.

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101
Q

Ancilia

A

Sacred shields of Jupiter housed in the Temple of Mars carried in a procession by the Salii priests.

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102
Q

January and February

A

Months added to the calendar by Numa Pompilius.

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103
Q

Temple of Janus

A

Founded by Numa Pompilius open in wartime and closed in peace.

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104
Q

Tullus Hostilius

A

Third king of Rome warlike fought against Alba Longa and the Sabines.

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105
Q

Horatii and Curiatii

A

Three brothers from Rome fought against three brothers from Alba Longa Horatii emerged victorious.

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106
Q

Mettius Fufetius

A

Alban king who incited the town of Fidenae against Rome was drawn and quartered for his treachery.

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107
Q

Gaius Cluilius

A

King of Alba Longa during the reign of Tullus Hostilius.

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108
Q

Curia (Hostilia)

A

First senate house built by Tullus Hostilius.

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109
Q

Fidenae Veii and the Sabines

A

Successful wars fought by Tullus Hostilius.

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110
Q

Death of Tullus Hostilius

A

Went to war with the Sabines and faced divine punishment for ignoring religion.

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111
Q

Plague

A

A widespread and often deadly disease that affects a large number of people.

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112
Q

Jupiter Elicius

A

A deity in Roman mythology associated with lightning and thunder.

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113
Q

Sacrifices

A

Ritual offerings made to the gods as a form of worship.

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114
Q

Lightning

A

A natural electrical discharge during a thunderstorm often accompanied by a flash of light and a loud sound.

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115
Q

Ancus Marcius

A

The fourth king of Rome known for establishing various religious practices and priesthoods.

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116
Q

Numa Pompilius

A

The second king of Rome known for his religious reforms and establishment of various religious institutions.

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117
Q

Pontifex Maximus

A

The high priest of ancient Rome responsible for overseeing religious ceremonies and rituals.

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118
Q

Fetiales

A

A priesthood in ancient Rome responsible for mediating disputes and declaring war.

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119
Q

Latins

A

An ancient Italic tribe that inhabited the region of Latium which included Rome.

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120
Q

Ostia

A

A port city located at the mouth of the Tiber River established by Ancus Marcius.

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121
Q

Tullianum/Mamertine Prison

A

Rome’s first prison built by Ancus Marcius.

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122
Q

Pons Sublicius

A

The first bridge (made of wood) built over the Tiber River attributed to Ancus Marcius.

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123
Q

Tarquinius Priscus

A

The fifth king of Rome of Etruscan origin known for his military successes and construction projects.

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124
Q

Equites

A

The cavalry in ancient Rome which Tarquinius Priscus expanded in size.

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125
Q

Senate

A

The governing body of ancient Rome which Tarquinius Priscus increased in number.

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126
Q

Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus

A

A temple dedicated to Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.

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127
Q

Circus Maximus

A

An ancient Roman chariot racing stadium possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.

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128
Q

Cloaca Maxima

A

The main sewer system in ancient Rome possibly initiated by Tarquinius Priscus.

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129
Q

Servius Tullius

A

The sixth king of Rome known for his social and political reforms.

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130
Q

Fortuna

A

The goddess of luck and fortune in Roman mythology to whom Servius Tullius established a temple.

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131
Q

Diana

A

The goddess of the hunt and the moon in Roman mythology to whom Servius Tullius established a temple on the Aventine Hill.

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132
Q

Comitia Centuriata

A

The primary legislative body in ancient Rome established by Servius Tullius.

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133
Q

Comitia Curiata

A

The previous legislative body in ancient Rome replaced by the Comitia Centuriata.

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134
Q

Quirinal Viminal and Esquiline Hills

A

Hills in Rome that were settled and extended by Servius Tullius.

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135
Q

Coinage

A

The introduction of a standardized system of currency in Rome attributed to Servius Tullius.

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136
Q

Servian Wall

A

The first defensive wall built around Rome made of tufa attributed to Servius Tullius.

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137
Q

Tarquinius Superbus

A

The seventh and final king of Rome known for his tyrannical rule and eventual overthrow.

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138
Q

Temple to Jupiter Capitolinus

A

Completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.

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139
Q

Cloaca Maxima

A

The sewer system in Rome completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.

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140
Q

Circus Maximus

A

Completed by Tarquinius Superbus possibly initiated by his predecessor.

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141
Q

Sibylline Books

A

A collection of prophecies consulted by the Romans involving a legend with Tarquinius Superbus.

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142
Q

Lucretia

A

A noblewoman in ancient Rome whose rape led to the rebellion against Tarquinius Superbus.

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143
Q

Lucius Iunius Brutus

A

A Roman nobleman who led the rebellion against Tarquinius Superbus.

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144
Q

Oracle at Delphi

A

A famous oracle in ancient Greece visited by Tarquinius Superbus and his sons.

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145
Q

Sextus Tarquinius

A

The son of Tarquinius Superbus who fled to Gabii after the overthrow of his father.

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146
Q

Lars Porsenna

A

King of Clusium who united the Etruscans and fought towards Rome on behalf of the Tarquins.

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147
Q

Horatius Cocles

A

Defended the Pons Sublicius along with Spurius Lartius and Titus Herminius.

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148
Q

Mucius Scaevola

A

Put his right hand into a fire to impress Lars Porsenna gaining the name Scaevola.

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149
Q

Cloelia

A

Led the hostages to freedom across the Tiber and later returned out of Roman honor.

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150
Q

Republic

A

Period from 509-27 B.C. when Rome was governed by consuls instead of kings.

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151
Q

Consuls

A

Replaced the kings as the highest magistrates in Rome during the Republic.

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152
Q

Lucius Iunius Brutus

A

One of the first two consuls of Rome.

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153
Q

Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

A

One of the first two consuls of Rome but stepped down due to his family name being Tarquinius.

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154
Q

Battle of Silva Arsia

A

Brutus and Aruns died while fighting against each other.

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155
Q

Titus and Tiberius Brutus

A

Sons of Brutus who were executed for their involvement in a rebellion within Rome.

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156
Q

Battle of Arica

A

Latin towns with the aid of Aristodemus of Cumae defeat the Etruscans led by Arruns.

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157
Q

Publius Valerius Publicola

A

Became consul in place of Brutus and played a key role in overthrowing the monarchy.

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158
Q

Battle of Lake Regillus

A

Battle between the Romans and the Latin League and Tarquinius Superbus.

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159
Q

First Secession of the Plebs

A

Plebeians succeeded to the Mons Sacer and threatened to found a new town.

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160
Q

Menenius Agrippa

A

Convinced the plebs to return from the secession with his parable of the Belly and the Limbs.

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161
Q

Spurius Cassius

A

First magister equitum and proposed the first agrarian law in Rome.

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162
Q

Gaius Marcius Coriolanus

A

Earned his cognomen after taking the Volscian town of Corioli and was eventually banished from Rome.

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163
Q

Battle of the Cremera

A

Battle between the Romans and the city of Veii where the Fabii clan was nearly wiped out.

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164
Q

Concilium Plebis

A

Popular council in Rome that changed from a plebeian curiate assembly to a plebeian tribal assembly.

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165
Q

Battle of Mt. Algidus

A

Battle between the Romans and the Aequi where Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus was nominated dictator.

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166
Q

Laws of the Twelve Tables

A

Codification of law completed by the decemviri to satisfy the plebeians.

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167
Q

Appius Claudius Crassus

A

Chief of the decemviri who lusted after a girl named Verginia.

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168
Q

Lex Canuleia

A

Law passed in 445 B.C. that allowed marriage between patricians and plebeians.

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169
Q

Gaius Canuleius

A

Proposed an important law that allowed for intermarriage between plebeians and patricians.

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170
Q

Aulus Cornelius Cossus

A

Won the second spolia opima by slaying Tolumnius king of the Veiians in combat.

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171
Q

Aulus Postumius Tubertus

A

Led the Romans to defeat the Aequi in the Battle of Mount Algidus.

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172
Q

Marcus Furius Camillus

A

Captured the Etrurian city of Veii and proclaimed Pater Patriae and Second Founder of Rome.

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173
Q

Battle of Allia River

A

The Senonian chieftain Brennus led the Gauls to defeat the Romans here occupying the Capitol for 7 months.

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174
Q

Lex Licinia-Sextia

A

Law that allowed one of the two consuls to be a plebeian.

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175
Q

First Samnite War

A

Minor war centered around the city of Capua and the land of Campania.

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176
Q

Lex Genucia

A

Prohibited loans and usury.

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177
Q

Great Latin War

A

Romans allied with the Samnites to defeat a contingent of Latins and Campainians at Suessa Aurunca.

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178
Q

Battle of Mt. vesuvius

A

Romans led by Ti. Manlius Torquatus and P. Decius Mus.

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179
Q

Lex Poetelia

A

Eliminated bond servitude.

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180
Q

Second Samnite War

A

Broke out among a Samnite tribe dispute over Neapolis involving Rome when Capua asked for help.

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181
Q

Battle of Caudine Forks

A

Famous Roman disaster where the Samnite chieftain Gavius Pontius trapped the Romans.

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182
Q

Battle of Lautulae

A

Lesser known disaster where the dictator Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus was defeated by the Samnites.

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183
Q

Battle of Bovianum

A

Final battle of the Second Samnite War.

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184
Q

Battle of Lake Vadimo

A

Rullianus defeated the Etruscans here.

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185
Q

Appius Claudius Caecus

A

Built the Via Appia from Rome to Capua and the Aqua Appia.

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186
Q

Third Samnite War

A

War precipitated by L. Scipio Barbatus driving Samnites out of Lucania.

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187
Q

Battle of Sentinum

A

Romans led by P. Decius Mus and Q. Fabius Maximus Rullianus defeated the Samnites.

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188
Q

Battle of Aquilonia

A

Romans led by L. Papirius Cursor defeated the Samnites in the last major battle of the Samnite Wars.

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189
Q

Pyrrhic War

A

City of Tarentum brought in King Pyrrhus of Epirus to fight against the Romans.

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190
Q

Battle of Heraclea

A

Pyrrhus fought against the Romans in this battle.

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191
Q

Appius Claudius Caecus

A

Aged Roman politician who gave a rousing speech against Cineas.

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192
Q

Cineas

A

Reported to Pyrrhus that the Roman Senate was an assembly of kings.

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193
Q

Pyrrhic victories

A

Term used to describe battles where the victor suffers heavy losses.

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194
Q

Lex Hortensia

A

Law passed by Quintus Hortensius that made all resolutions passed by the Concilium Plebis binding on all citizens.

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195
Q

Battle of Lake Vadimo

A

P. Cornelius Dolabella defeated the Boii.

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196
Q

Amicitia with Egypt

A

Rome established friendly ties with Ptolemy II of Egypt.

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197
Q

First Punic War

A

War between Rome and Carthage from 264-241 B.C.

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198
Q

Ap

A

First commander of the First Punic War defeated Hiero II and the Carthaginians.

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199
Q

M’

A

Roman commander who gave relief to Messana against the Carthaginians and Syracusans.

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200
Q

Siege of Agrigentum

A

Roman siege of the Carthaginian stronghold in Sicily.

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201
Q

Battle of Mylae

A

Romans led by Gaius Duilius won their first naval victory.

202
Q

Corvi

A

Boarding-bridges or grappling-irons used by the Romans in naval battles.

203
Q

Battle of Bagradas Valley

A

Romans were defeated by the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus and Regulus was captured.

204
Q

Cape Hermaeum

A

Carthaginian navy wiped out by a storm when they tried to counter-attack the Romans.

205
Q

Panormus

A

Stronghold on Sicily secured by the Romans.

206
Q

Lilybaeum

A

Stronghold on Sicily that the Romans failed to secure.

207
Q

Battle of Drepana

A

P. Claudius Pulcher was defeated by the Carthaginian Adherbal.

208
Q

Battle of Cape Passaro

A

Iunius Pullus was defeated by the Carthaginian admiral Carthalo.

209
Q

Hamilcar Barca

A

Carthaginian commander who fought guerilla warfare against the Romans in Sicily.

210
Q

Battle of Aegates Islands

A

Romans led by Lutatius Catulus defeated the Carthaginians ending the First Punic War.

211
Q

Battle of Clastidium

A

Romans led by C. Atilius Regulus and L. Aemilius Papus defeated a coalition of Gauls here.

212
Q

Gaius Flaminius (elder flamininus
)

A

Tribune in 232 B.C. proposed taking part of Ager Gallicus from the Senones and later served as Consul in 223 B.C. and Censor in 220 B.C.

213
Q

Via Flaminia

A

Road built by Gaius Flaminius from Rome to Ariminum.

214
Q

Illyrian Wars

A

Wars against pirates. First War (229 B.C. – 228 B.C.) resulted in the defeat of Queen Teuta by the Romans. Second War (220 B.C. – 219 B.C.) resulted in the defeat of the Greek adventurer Demetrius of Pharos by the Romans.

215
Q

Second Punic War

A

War between Rome and Carthage from 218-202 B.C. Hannibal a Carthaginian general gained command in Spain in 221 B.C. and laid siege to Saguntum in 219 B.C. leading to the declaration of war.

216
Q

Battle of Ticinus River

A

Hannibal defeated P. Cornelius Scipio (the elder) in this battle.

217
Q

Battle of Trebia River

A

Hannibal defeated P. Cornelius Scipio and Ti. Sempronius Longus in this battle.

218
Q

Battle of Lake Trasimene

A

Hannibal defeated Gaius Flaminius in this battle known for being one of the most successful ambushes in military history.

219
Q

Q. fabius maximus cunctator

A

Elected dictator after the disaster at Lake Trasimene known for his delaying tactics against Hannibal.

220
Q

Battle of Cannae

A

Famous disaster where Hannibal defeated G. Terentius Varro and L. Aemilius Paullus. Hannibal used a double-envelopment tactic to encircle the Roman army.

221
Q

Revolt of Capua

A

Capua revolted against Rome and was recaptured in 211 B.C. by the Romans under Q. Fulvius Flaccus.

222
Q

Revolt of Tarentum

A

Tarentum revolted against Rome and was recaptured in 209 B.C. by the Romans under Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator.

223
Q

Siege of Syracuse

A

Syracuse was captured by the Romans in 211 B.C. after a siege carried out by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The famous scientist Archimedes was responsible for Syracuse’s defense but was accidentally killed during the Roman attack.

224
Q

Scipio Africanus

A

Given proconsular imperium in Spain in 210 B.C. after his father and uncle died. He defeated Hasdrubal Barca in the Battle of Baecula and played a significant role in the Roman victory in the Second Punic War.

225
Q

Battle of Zama

A

Scipio Africanus and Masinissa defeated Hannibal in this battle ending the Second Punic War.

226
Q

Cato the Elder

A

Famous figure of the mid-Republic known for his conservative anti-Greek mindset. He supported the Lex Oppia and served as Consul in 195 B.C. and Censor in 184 B.C.

227
Q

Third Punic War

A

Occurred from 149 B.C. to 146 B.C. as a result of Numidia raiding Carthaginian territory. Rome laid siege to Carthage which was eventually stormed and destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus.

228
Q

Conquest of Western Mediterranean

A

Ligurian War occurred in 181 B.C. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior in 197 B.C. The Lusitanians Celtiberians and other tribes dominated the rest of the peninsula.

229
Q

Fight with the Lusitanian chieftain Viriathus

A

Viriathus used guerrilla warfare and defeated several Roman commanders including A. F. Maximus Servilianus.

230
Q

Viriathus

A

Known as the first national hero of Portugal he was defeated by the Roman Servilius Caepio after his agents were bribed to betray him.

231
Q

Siege of Numantia

A

A conflict that took place from 134-133 B.C. where the Celtiberian city of Numantia was captured by Scipio Aemilianus.

232
Q

First Macedonian War

A

A war that occurred from 214-205 B.C. where Phillip V of Macedon attempted to aid Hannibal resulting in a series of skirmishes rather than major battles.

233
Q

Second Macedonian War

A

A war that took place from 200-196 B.C. where T. Quinctius Flamininus with the aid of Aetolian League allies defeated Phillip V of Macedon in the Battle of Cynoscephalae showcasing the superiority of the Roman Legion over the Phalanx.

234
Q

Seleucid War

A

A conflict that occurred from 192-188 B.C. where Rome went to war with Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire resulting in battles such as the Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Myonessus and Battle of Magnesia.

235
Q

Perseus

A

Succeeded his father Phillip V and executed his popular brother Demetrius on a treason charge.

236
Q

Hannibal

A

Committed suicide in 183 B.C./182 B.C. by poison.

237
Q

Third Macedonian War

A

A war that took place from 171-168 B.C. where P. Licinius Crassus was defeated by Perseus in the Battle of Larissa but L. Aemilius Paullus later defeated Perseus in the Battle of Pydna.

238
Q

Fourth Macedonian War

A

A war that occurred from 150-148 B.C. where Q. Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus led the Romans to defeat a pretender to the throne of Macedon Andriscus in the (Second) Battle of Pydna.

239
Q

Battle of Corinth

A

Took place in 146 B.C. where Lucius Mummius led the Romans to defeat the Achaean League and destroy Corinth marking the end of the Roman-Greek conflict.

240
Q

Affair of Pergamum

A

In 133 B.C. Attalus III bequeathed his kingdom of Pergamum to Rome which became the Roman province of Asia. A pretender to the throne Aristonicus opposed the Romans.

241
Q

Relations with Syria and Egypt

A

Antiochus IV invaded Egypt but was dissuaded from continuing by the Roman C. Popillius Laenas. In 161 B.C. Rome concluded a treaty with Judas Maccabaeus a leader of the insurrection against the Seleucids in Palestine. In 152 B.C. the Senate supported Alexander Balas to the Seleucid throne.

242
Q

First Servile War

A

A slave revolt led by Eunus and Cleon on Sicily which was defeated by the Romans.

243
Q

The Gracchi

A

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus sons of Cornelia and Ti. Sempronius Gracchus were influential figures in Roman politics. Tiberius Gracchus elected tribune in 133 B.C. attempted to push land law and enforced it through the First Land Commission. However the law was vetoed by Marcus Octavius another tribune.

244
Q

Scipio Nasica

A

Cousin of Tiberius who led a revolt to kill him in 133 B.C.

245
Q

Gaius Gracchus

A

Roman politician who served as quaestor and tribune passed several laws including land reform.

246
Q

M

A

Consul and ally of Gaius Gracchus in the tribunate.

247
Q

Second Land Commission

A

Gaius Gracchus Ap. Claudius Pulcher P. Licinius Crassus.

248
Q

Corn law

A

Law passed by Gaius Gracchus regulating the price of grain.

249
Q

Milo

A

Rival tribune who passed counter-legislation against Gaius Gracchus.

250
Q

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

A

Senate decree giving power to stop Gaius Gracchus at all costs.

251
Q

Gaius Marius

A

Roman general who held the consulship seven times and reformed the Roman army.

252
Q

War with Jugurtha

A

Conflict between Rome and Jugurtha King of Numidia.

253
Q

Lucius Calpurnius Bestia

A

Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.

254
Q

Spurius Postumius Albinus

A

Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.

255
Q

Aulus Postumius Albinus

A

Roman commander who fought against Jugurtha.

256
Q

Caecilius Metellus Numidicus

A

Roman commander who captured towns and defeated Jugurtha.

257
Q

Battle of Arausio

A

Battle in which Roman commanders were destroyed by the Cimbri and Teutones.

258
Q

Battle of Aquae Sextiae

A

Battle in which Gaius Marius defeated the Teutones.

259
Q

Battle of Vercellae

A

Battle in which Gaius Marius and Lutatius Catulus defeated the Cimbri.

260
Q

Livius drussus

A

Tribune who was killed after the senate passed a decree against him.

261
Q

Second Servile War

A

Uprising on the island of Sicily defeated by Manius Aquilius.

262
Q

Ptolemy Apion

A

Bequeathed the kingdom of Cyrene to Rome.

263
Q

The Social War

A

Conflict fought over whether non-Roman Italians should have citizenship.

264
Q

Marius

A

A Roman legate who assisted in the First Mithridatic War.

265
Q

Pompeius Strabo

A

Father of Pompey the Great he also assisted Marius in the First Mithridatic War.

266
Q

Lucius Julius Caesar

A

A Roman commander who fought against the Samnites.

267
Q

Corfinium

A

The initial capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.

268
Q

Bovianum

A

The second capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.

269
Q

Aesernia

A

The final capital set up by the Italians during the Italian War.

270
Q

Asculum

A

An Italian town famously taken by Pompeius Strabo during the Italian War.

271
Q

Lex Iulia (90 B.C.)

A

A law offered by Lucius Julius Caesar that granted Roman citizenship to Italians who had not raised arms against Rome in the Italian War.

272
Q

Lex Plautia Papiria (89 B.C.)

A

A law that allowed citizens of previously rebellious Italian communities to gain Roman citizenship.

273
Q

First Mithridatic War (89-85 B.C.)

A

A war fought against Mithridates VI of Pontus resulting in the capture of Athens by Sulla.

274
Q

Manius Aquilius

A

A Roman general who initially had command in the First Mithridatic War but was eventually defeated.

275
Q

Sulpicius Rufus

A

A tribune who transferred command from Sulla to Marius causing Sulla’s first march on Rome.

276
Q

Sulla

A

The main general in the First Mithridatic War who eventually captured Rome and regained his command.

277
Q

Archelaus

A

A general of Mithridates who made Aristion the tyrant of Athens.

278
Q

Battle of Chaeronea (86 B.C.)

A

A battle in which Sulla defeated Archelaus.

279
Q

Battle of Orchomenus (86 B.C.)

A

A battle in which Sulla defeated Archelaus.

280
Q

Treaty of Dardanus (85 B.C.)

A

The treaty that ended the First Mithridatic War.

281
Q

Second Mithridatic War (83-81 B.C.)

A

A minor war fought between Lucius Murena and Mithridates IV.

282
Q

Populares

A

Political party in Rome that supported popular assemblies and tribunate.

283
Q

Optimates

A

Political party in Rome that consisted of richer traditionalists who wished to limit the power of the popular assemblies and tribunate.

284
Q

L

A

A consul and ally of Marius who ruled Rome during the political divide.

285
Q

Cinna

A

A consul who replaced Marius after his death.

286
Q

Gn marius the younger

A

A consul who ruled Rome alongside Cinna.

287
Q

Sulla’s Second March on Rome

A

Sulla’s return to Rome to regain control defeating Marius the Younger and Carbo.

288
Q

Praeneste

A

The location where Sulla defeated Marius the Younger.

289
Q

Battle of Colline Gate (82 B.C.)

A

A battle that solidified Sulla’s control of Rome with Marcus Licinius Crassus commanding the right wing.

290
Q

Quintus Sertorius

A

A Marian proconsul of Hispania who held out against Sulla’s forces.

291
Q

Metellus Pius

A

A Roman general who defeated Aulus Hirtuleius but was defeated by Sertorius.

292
Q

Gn pompeius magnus(pompey)

A

Defeated by Sertorius at the Lauro and Sucro Rivers.

293
Q

Marcus Perperna

A

Assassinated Sertorius.

294
Q

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

A

Elected consul with the support of Pompey he later revolted against Sulla’s reforms.

295
Q

Third Servile War (Revolt of Spartacus) (73-71 B.C.)

A

A slave revolt led by Spartacus in Capua.

296
Q

M

A

Future triumvir who subdued the revolt in Apulia.

297
Q

Pompey

A

Claimed to have ended the war against the revolt in Apulia and received most of the credit.

298
Q

Lex Gabinia

A

Law passed by the tribune Aulus Gabinius that gave Pompey command against the pirates in the Mediterranean.

299
Q

Jerusalem

A

City besieged by Pompey in 64 B.C.

300
Q

Third Mithridatic War

A

War fought between Rome and Mithridates from 74 B.C. to 66 B.C.

301
Q

Ncomedes IV of Bithynia

A

Bequeathed his kingdom to Rome in 74 B.C.

302
Q

Battle of Chalcedon

A

Battle in which Mithridates destroyed an army led by M. Aurelius Cotta in 74 B.C.

303
Q

L

A

Roman commander who had command against Mithridates in the Third Mithridatic War.

304
Q

Siege of Cyzicus

A

Battle in which Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 73 B.C.

305
Q

Battle of Cabira

A

Battle in which Lucullus defeated Mithridates in 72 or 71 B.C.

306
Q

Battle of Tigranocerta

A

Battle in which Lucullus defeated the Armenian King Tigranes the Great and captured the city Tigranocerta in 69 B.C.

307
Q

Battle of Zela

A

Battle in which Gaius Triarius lieutenant of Lucullus was defeated by Mithridates in 67 B.C.

308
Q

Lex Manilia

A

Law passed by the tribune Gaius Manilius that transferred command against Mithridates from Lucullus to Pompey in 66 B.C.

309
Q

Battle of Nicopolis

A

Battle in which Pompey decisively defeated Mithridates in 66 B.C.

310
Q

Conspiracy of Catiline

A

Attempted overthrow of the Roman Republic by L. Sergius Catilina in 63 B.C.

311
Q

M

A

Famous orator who was consul in 63 B.C. and wrote speeches against Catiline.

312
Q

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

A

Decree passed against Catiline.

313
Q

Gallic tribe Allobroges

A

Gave away the Catilinarian plot.

314
Q

Battle of Pistoria

A

Battle in which Cataline and his supporters were defeated by M. Metellus Celer in 62 B.C.

315
Q

The First Triumvirate

A

Powerful political alliance formed between Caesar Crassus and Pompey in 60 B.C.

316
Q

Julius Caesar

A

Roman general and statesman who was a member of the First Triumvirate.

317
Q

Caesar’s Gallic Wars

A

Military campaigns led by Julius Caesar in Gaul from 58 B.C. to 51 B.C.

318
Q

Helvetii

A

Tribe repelled by Caesar from Aeduan territory.

319
Q

Ariovistus

A

Leader of the Suebi defeated by Caesar in 58 B.C.

320
Q

Belgae

A

Tribe defeated by Caesar notably the powerful Nervii in 57 B.C.

321
Q

Veneti

A

Sea-faring tribe defeated by Caesar in 56 B.C.

322
Q

Britannia

A

Island crossed by Caesar in 55 B.C. and 54 B.C.

323
Q

Vercingetorix

A

Leader of the Arverni who was defeated by Caesar in 52 B.C.

324
Q

Battle of Gergovia

A

Battle in which Vercingetorix defeated Caesar’s forces in 52 B.C.

325
Q

Battle of Alesia

A

Battle in which Caesar defeated Vercingetorix in 52 B.C.

326
Q

Luca

A

Meeting place of Pompey Crassus and Caesar in 56 B.C.

327
Q

Civil War of Caesar

A

Conflict between Caesar and the Senate from 49 B.C. to 45 B.C.

328
Q

Battle of Ilerda

A

Battle in which Caesar defeated Pompey’s commanders in Spain in 49 B.C.

329
Q

Battle of Bagradas Valley

A

Battle in which Caesar’s ex-tribune Scribonius Curio was defeated in Africa in 49 B.C.

330
Q

Battle of Dyrrhachium

A

Skirmish in which Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 B.C.

331
Q

Battle of Pharsalus

A

Battle in which Caesar decisively defeated Pompey in 48 B.C.

332
Q

Battle of Zela

A

Battle in which Caesar defeated Pharnaces in 47 B.C.

333
Q

Battle of Thapsus

A

Battle in which Caesar defeated the forces of Pompey in 46 B.C.

334
Q

Battle of Munda

A

Battle in which Caesar defeated his former lieutenant Titus Labienus and Pompey’s sons in 45 B.C.

335
Q

Caesar’s dictatorship

A

Period of Caesar’s rule as dictator from 49 B.C. until his death.

336
Q

Consul

A

An elected official in ancient Rome who served as one of the two chief magistrates.

337
Q

Dictator

A

A ruler with absolute power appointed in times of emergency in ancient Rome.

338
Q

Forum of Caesar

A

A public square in Rome built by Julius Caesar.

339
Q

Temple of Venus Genetrix

A

A temple dedicated to the goddess Venus built within the Forum of Caesar.

340
Q

Calendar reform

A

Changes made to the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar to align it with the solar year.

341
Q

Pater Patriae

A

A title given to Julius Caesar meaning Father of the Fatherland.

342
Q

Conspiracy

A

A secret plan or plot in this case the plot against Julius Caesar’s life.

343
Q

Assassination

A

The act of killing someone usually a prominent figure for political or ideological reasons.

344
Q

Cleopatra VII

A

The queen of Egypt who had a relationship with Julius Caesar and later Mark Antony.

345
Q

Octavian

A

The grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who later became the first Roman emperor Augustus.

346
Q

Second Triumvirate

A

A political alliance formed by Octavian Mark Antony and Lepidus after the death of Julius Caesar.

347
Q

Lex Titia

A

A law that legalized the Second Triumvirate and granted them extraordinary powers.

348
Q

Philippics

A

A series of speeches given by Cicero against Mark Antony.

349
Q

Battle of Philippi

A

A series of battles in which Octavian and Mark Antony defeated the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar.

350
Q

Conference at Brundisium

A

A meeting where Octavian and Mark Antony divided the Roman Empire between themselves.

351
Q

Conference at Misenum

A

A meeting where Octavian and Mark Antony renewed their alliance.

352
Q

Battle of Naulochus

A

A naval battle in which Marcus Agrippa defeated Sextus Pompeius who had been blocking the grain supply to Rome.

353
Q

Battle of Actium

A

A decisive naval battle in which Octavian and Marcus Agrippa defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

354
Q

Julio-Claudian Dynasty

A

The ruling dynasty of the Roman Empire from 27 B.C. to 68 A.D. starting with Augustus.

355
Q

Augustus

A

The first Roman emperor born as Gaius Octavius who established the Principate and brought stability to the Roman Empire.

356
Q

Drusus the Elder

A

Roman general who died in 9 B.C. after falling off his horse.

357
Q

Teutoberg Forest

A

Site of a major Roman defeat in 9 A.D. where 3 legions were defeated by the Cherusci tribe under the command of Arminius.

358
Q

Germanicus

A

Roman general who was given chief command in 12 A.D. and conducted retaliatory raids into Germany. He established the praetorian guard.

359
Q

Gaius Turranius

A

First praetorian prefect who is credited with transforming Rome from a city of brick to a city of marble.

360
Q

Forum of Augustus

A

A forum built by Agrippa featuring a temple to Mars Ultor.

361
Q

Agrippa

A

Roman general and statesman who built the Pantheon Baths of Agrippa Aqua Virgo and Aqua Julia. He had three wives including Julia and Livia.

362
Q

Julia

A

Daughter of Augustus and wife of Agrippa. She had five children including Lucius Caesar Gaius Caesar Agrippina the Elder Julia the Younger and Agrippa Postumus.

363
Q

Lucius Caesar and Gaius Caesar

A

Adopted sons of Augustus who died in 2 A.D. and 4 A.D. respectively.

364
Q

Agrippa Postumus

A

Son of Agrippa and Julia exiled to Planasia in 9 A.D.

365
Q

Tiberius

A

Roman emperor from 14-37 A.D. known for his gloomy demeanor and jealousy towards Germanicus.

366
Q

Germanicus

A

Nephew and adoptive son of Tiberius a successful general who celebrated a triumph in 17 A.D. He died in 19 A.D. possibly poisoned by Gn. Calpurnius Piso.

367
Q

Tacfarinas

A

Numidian chieftain who revolted against Rome from 17-24 A.D.

368
Q

Aelius Sejanus

A

Praetorian Prefect who replaced Germanicus and later plotted against the family of Agrippina the Elder. He was exposed and killed in 31 A.D.

369
Q

Sutorius Macro

A

Praetorian Prefect who replaced Sejanus.

370
Q

Tiberius Gemellus and Caligula

A

Candidates to be the next emperor after Tiberius. Caligula son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder became emperor and executed Gemellus.

371
Q

Caligula

A

Roman emperor from 37-41 A.D. known for his eccentric behavior and short reign. He was assassinated by a member of the praetorian guard.

372
Q

Claudius

A

Roman emperor from 41-54 A.D. known for his physical disabilities and conquests of Mauretania Thrace Noricum and Britain.

373
Q

Narcissus Pallas Callistus

A

Freedmen who held important positions in Claudius’ administration including chief secretary chief accountant and examiner of petitions.

374
Q

Revolt of M

A

Governor of Dalmatia who conspired against Claudius.

375
Q

Plautia Urgulanilla

A

One of Claudius’ wives.

376
Q

Aelia Paetina

A

One of Claudius’ wives.

377
Q

Valeria Messalina

A

Manipulative and promiscuous third wife of Claudius.

378
Q

Agrippina the Younger

A

Daughter of Germanicus fourth wife of Claudius and mother of Nero.

379
Q

Britannicus

A

Son of Claudius and Messalina poisoned by Nero.

380
Q

Seneca the Younger

A

Nero’s tutor and influential advisor.

381
Q

Praetorian Guard

A

The emperor’s personal bodyguard.

382
Q

Domus Aurea

A

Nero’s extravagant palace also known as the Golden House.

383
Q

Persecution of Christians

A

The systematic mistreatment and persecution of Christians under Nero’s rule.

384
Q

Parthia and Armenia

A

Regions where political conflicts and power struggles took place during Nero’s reign.

385
Q

Revolt of Boudicca

A

Rebellion led by Queen Boudicca of the Iceni tribe in Britain.

386
Q

Jewish Revolt

A

Rebellion of the Jewish population against Roman rule.

387
Q

Vespasian

A

Roman general sent to restore order during the Jewish Revolt later became emperor.

388
Q

Pisonian Conspiracy

A

Failed conspiracy against Nero’s life led by Calpurnius Piso.

389
Q

Galba

A

Governor of Hispania Tarraconensis and emperor after Nero’s death.

390
Q

Otho

A

Former Governor of Lusitania and emperor for a short period of time.

391
Q

Vitellius

A

Commander of the forces in Germania Inferior and emperor after Otho.

392
Q

Flavian Dynasty

A

Dynasty established by Vespasian lasting from 69-96 A.D.

393
Q

Vespasian

A

First emperor of the Flavian Dynasty known for his military achievements and the sacking of Jerusalem.

394
Q

Titus

A

Son of Vespasian emperor after his father’s death known for his military successes and the completion of the Colosseum.

395
Q

Domitian

A

Younger son of Vespasian emperor after Titus known for his autocratic rule and conflicts with the Senate.

396
Q

Arch of Titus

A

Triumphal arch built to commemorate Titus’ victories in Judea.

397
Q

Damnatio Memoriae

A

The erasure of an individual’s memory and legacy from history.

398
Q

Cooptation

A

The act of adopting someone to be your heir not just a blood relative.

399
Q

Trajan

A

Roman emperor who was chosen as the heir by Nerva and expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.

400
Q

Dacia

A

Region conquered by Trajan led by King Decebalus and added to the Roman Empire in 106 A.D.

401
Q

Trajan’s Forum

A

A forum built into the sides of the Quirinal Hill by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus containing the Column of Trajan.

402
Q

Trajan’s Baths

A

A massive complex built over Nero’s Domus Aurea (Golden House) during Trajan’s reign.

403
Q

Hadrian

A

Roman emperor and adopted son of Trajan known for his travels the construction of Hadrian’s Wall in Britain and his admiration for Greek culture.

404
Q

Pantheon

A

A temple in Rome that was rebuilt by Hadrian.

405
Q

Antinous

A

A Greek youth loved by Hadrian who named several cities after him after his death.

406
Q

Antoninus Pius

A

Roman emperor who ruled after Hadrian and encouraged the deification of Hadrian by the Senate.

407
Q

Marcus Aurelius

A

Roman emperor and stoic philosopher known for his work Meditations and his co-rule with Lucius Verus.

408
Q

Lucius Verus

A

Co-ruler with Marcus Aurelius and commander in name during the capture of Ctesiphon in Parthia.

409
Q

Column of Marcus Aurelius

A

A column built to commemorate Marcus Aurelius’ victories against the Marcomanni Quadi Sarmatians and Iazyges.

410
Q

Commodus

A

Roman emperor and son of Marcus Aurelius known for his lavish lifestyle involvement in gladiatorial games and eventual assassination.

411
Q

Pertinax

A

Roman emperor who ruled briefly in 193 A.D. after the assassination of Commodus.

412
Q

Commodus

A

Roman emperor who was killed by conspirators and succeeded by Pertinax.

413
Q

Pertinax

A

Roman emperor who was proclaimed emperor by the praetorian guard after the assassination of Commodus.

414
Q

Didius Julianus

A

Roman emperor who won the imperial throne in an auction by outbidding a rival.

415
Q

Septimius Severus

A

Roman emperor who was born in Leptis Magna and had a powerful wife Julia Domna.

416
Q

Praetorian Guard

A

Elite military unit tasked with protecting the Roman emperor.

417
Q

Pescennius Niger

A

Rival of Septimius Severus who was defeated by Severus in the battle of Issus.

418
Q

Clodius Albinus

A

Roman general who was defeated by Septimius Severus at Lugdunum.

419
Q

Parthians

A

Ancient Iranian people who were at war with the Romans.

420
Q

Ctesiphon

A

Capital city of the Parthian Empire sacked by Septimius Severus.

421
Q

Arch of Septimius Severus

A

Monument built to commemorate the victories of Septimius Severus and his sons over the Parthians.

422
Q

Caracalla

A

Son of Septimius Severus who became emperor and had his brother Geta killed.

423
Q

Geta

A

Son of Septimius Severus who was killed by his brother Caracalla.

424
Q

Constitutio Antoniniana

A

Decree issued by Caracalla granting Roman citizenship to all freedmen.

425
Q

Baths of Caracalla

A

Large public baths built by Caracalla in Rome.

426
Q

Macrinus

A

Roman emperor who succeeded Caracalla and was possibly involved in his assassination.

427
Q

Elagabalus

A

Roman emperor who worshipped the sun god Sol Invictus and forced people to worship a black stone.

428
Q

Severus Alexander

A

Last of the Severan emperors cousin of Elagabalus and killed by soldiers of Maximinus Thrax.

429
Q

Arsacid Parthian Dynasty

A

Ancient Iranian dynasty that was replaced by the Sassanid Persian Dynasty during the reign of Severus Alexander.

430
Q

Maximinus Thrax

A

Roman emperor who succeeded Severus Alexander and was one of the 6 emperors of 238 A.D.

431
Q

Gordian I and Gordian II

A

Father and son who were appointed emperors by the senate but defeated by soldiers loyal to Maximinus Thrax.

432
Q

Puppienus and Balbinus

A

Emperors appointed by the senate who were killed by the praetorian guard.

433
Q

Gordian III

A

Grandson of Gordian I who became Rome’s sole emperor at the age of 13.

434
Q

Phillip the Arab

A

Roman emperor who celebrated Rome’s 1000th anniversary and was defeated by Decius.

435
Q

Decius

A

Roman emperor known for his persecution of Christians and was killed in battle against the Goths.

436
Q

Trebonianus Gallus

A

Roman emperor who was killed in battle.

437
Q

Aemilius Aemilianus

A

Roman emperor who was proclaimed emperor by his own troops but quickly defeated.

438
Q

Valerian

A

Roman emperor who persecuted Christians and was captured by the Persians.

439
Q

Gallienus

A

Son of Valerian who fought against various tribes and revolters.

440
Q

Gallic Empire

A

An independent empire established by Postumus during his reign separate from the Roman Empire. It included Germania Gaul Britannia and Hispania.

441
Q

Postumus

A

The emperor who established the Gallic Empire during his reign.

442
Q

M’

A

Former general of Postumus who assassinated him after a battle.

443
Q

Christian persecution

A

The policy of persecuting Christians which was abandoned by Postumus establishing a 40-year peace.

444
Q

Claudius II (Gothicus)

A

Emperor who was a great general and defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died of the plague.

445
Q

Battle of Naissus

A

A battle where Claudius II defeated the Goths.

446
Q

Quintillus

A

Brother of Claudius I who briefly ruled before Aurelian.

447
Q

Aurelian

A

Emperor who had been Aurelian’s magister equitum. He defeated Zenobia and restored her Palmyrene Empire.

448
Q

Zenobia

A

Queen of the Palmyrene Empire whose empire was restored by Aurelian.

449
Q

Vabalathus

A

Son of Zenobia who was made king and Augustus.

450
Q

Palmyra

A

City in the Palmyrene Empire which was eventually sacked by Aurelian.

451
Q

Restitutor Orbis

A

Title given to Aurelian for his successes including the defeat of Tetricus of the Gallic Empire at Chalons-Sur-Marne.

452
Q

Restitutor Orientis

A

Title given to Aurelian for his eastern successes including the sack of Palmyra.

453
Q

Sol Invictus

A

The Sun God worshipped by Aurelian.

454
Q

Aurelian’s Wall

A

A brick wall built around Rome by Aurelian measuring 12 miles long 20 feet high and 12 feet thick with 18 gates.

455
Q

Dacia

A

A province that Aurelian abandoned.

456
Q

Tacitus

A

Emperor chosen by the senate ruled for six months and was assassinated by his own troops.

457
Q

Florianus

A

Tacitus’ half-brother and praetorian prefect also assassinated by his own troops.

458
Q

Probus

A

General under previous emperors who was appointed Augustus after the death of Tacitus. He finished the construction of Aurelian’s wall around Rome.

459
Q

Carus

A

Praetorian Prefect under Probus who sacked Ctesiphon and died possibly struck by lightning or killed by the praetorian prefect Aper.

460
Q

Carinus

A

Son of Carus who ruled the west and was defeated by Diocletian at the Battle of the River Margus.

461
Q

Numerian

A

Son of Carus who ruled the east and may have been killed by praetorian prefect Aper.

462
Q

Diocletian

A

Emperor who initiated the Tetrarchy dividing the empire into four rulers. He was Augustus in the East with Galerius as his Caesar.

463
Q

Tetrarchy

A

A system of government in which the Roman Empire was ruled by four people two Augustus and two Caesar.

464
Q

Galerius

A

Caesar under Diocletian who fought against Persia and sacked Ctesiphon.

465
Q

Maximian

A

Augustus in the West under Diocletian who dealt with pretenders in Egypt and established the Edict On Maximum Prices.

466
Q

Carausius

A

Emperor in Britain who declared himself emperor but was replaced by Allectus and defeated by Constantius Chlorus.

467
Q

Allectus

A

Emperor in Britain who replaced Carausius but was defeated by Constantius Chlorus.

468
Q

Edict On Maximum Prices

A

An edict established by Carausius that set maximum prices for goods.

469
Q

Baths of Diocletian

A

Public baths built by Maximian.

470
Q

Constantius Chlorus

A

Augustus in the East after Maximian abdicated.

471
Q

Severus II

A

Caesar of Constantius Chlorus in the West opposed by Maxentius and Constantine I.

472
Q

Maxentius

A

Emperor who seized power in opposition to Constantine and Severus II made Caesar in the West by his father Maximian.

473
Q

Licinius

A

Appointed Augustus in the West by Galerius to oppose Maxentius.

474
Q

Augustus

A

Title given to the emperor of Rome often used to refer to the first emperor Augustus Caesar.

475
Q

Gallerius

A

Roman emperor who appointed Augustus in the east after his death in 311 A.D.

476
Q

Maximinius Daia

A

Roman emperor who was defeated by Augustus and became the sole eastern emperor in 313 A.D.

477
Q

Maximian

A

Roman emperor who appointed Maximinius Daia as Caesar and heir in 305 A.D. succeeded him as Augustus in 311 A.D.

478
Q

Constantine I (The Great)

A

Roman emperor who defeated Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge in 312 A.D. and eventually became emperor of the whole empire.

479
Q

Milvian Bridge

A

Location of the battle where Constantine defeated Maxentius in 312 A.D.

480
Q

Edict of Milan

A

Decree issued by Constantine in 313 A.D. that legalized Christianity across the whole Roman Empire.

481
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

Church council held in 325 A.D. that resolved the Arian controversy.

482
Q

Constantinople

A

Formerly known as Byzantium it became the capital of the Roman Empire in 330 A.D.

483
Q

Apostate

A

Nickname given to Julian the Roman emperor who tried to restore paganism throughout the empire.

484
Q

Battle of Adrianople

A

Battle in 378 A.D. where the Romans suffered a crushing defeat against the Goths under Fritigern.

485
Q

Valentinian I

A

Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 364-375 A.D. and died of a stroke during negotiations with the Quadi.

486
Q

Valens

A

Brother of Valentinian I Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 364-378 A.D. and was killed at the Battle of Adrianople.

487
Q

Gratian

A

Son of Valentinian I Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 375-383 A.D. and was defeated and executed by Magnus Maximus.

488
Q

Theodosius I

A

Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 379-392 A.D. and in the whole empire from 392-395 A.D. He made Christianity the official state religion and closed all pagan temples.

489
Q

Arcadius

A

Roman emperor who ruled in the east from 395-408 A.D.

490
Q

Honorius

A

Roman emperor who ruled in the west from 395-423 A.D. and moved the western capital to Ravenna.

491
Q

Honorius

A

Roman emperor who turned on Stilicho and had him executed in 408 A.D.

492
Q

Stilicho

A

Roman general accused of colluding with Alaric and executed in 408 A.D.

493
Q

Alaric

A

Leader of the Visigoths who sacked the city of Rome in 410 A.D.

494
Q

Galla Placidia

A

Daughter of Theodosius I and half-sister of Honorius taken captive by Ataulf.

495
Q

Valentinian III

A

Western Roman emperor son of Galla Placidia and Constantius III.

496
Q

Flavius Aetius

A

General of Valentinian III defeated Attila the Hun at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 A.D.

497
Q

Attila the Hun

A

Leader of the Huns convinced to make peace with Rome by Bishop Leo I in 453 A.D.

498
Q

Honoria

A

Sister of Valentinian III Attila was convinced not to carry her off by Bishop Leo I.

499
Q

Gaiseric

A

King of the Vandals sacked Carthage and Rome in 455 A.D.

500
Q

Theodosius II

A

Eastern Roman emperor his reign was dominated by his sister Pulcheria and wife Aelia Eudoxia.

hh (18 decks)

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