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HEAL 1502 > Aging Session 36 > Flashcards

Aging Session 36 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gerontology ?

A
  • The study of aging
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2
Q

What are the different hallmarks of aging and what do each of them do ?

A
  • Primary Hallmarks : Causes of damage
  • Antagonistic Hallmarks : Responses to damage
  • Integrative hallmarks : Culprtis of the phenotype
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3
Q

When does genomic instability occur ?

A
  • This occurs because endogenous or exogenous agents can stimulate a variety of damage on the DNA on a single chromosome which exceed DNA repairs and that’s when genomic instability occurs
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4
Q

What is the telomere attrition ?

A
  • Cells can divide between 50-70 times before cell death, so at one point when the telomeres becomes very short , the division is inhibited and the cell enters senescence (aging)
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5
Q

What are some things that can cause epigenetic alterations and therefore lead to aging ?

A
  • Alterations in the methylation of DNA or acetylation and methylation of histones, and also other chromatin associated proteins can cause epigenetic changes that contribute to aging
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6
Q

what happens when proteins unfold and are unable to be refolded ?

A
  • failure to refold or degrade unfolded proteins can lead to their accumulation and aggregation , resulting in proteotoxic effects
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7
Q

What happens when there is mitochondrial dysfunction ?

A
  • At a higher level It can effect aging
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8
Q

What are some things that may occur because of altered intercellular communication ?

A
  • Neuroendocrine dysfunction
  • Inflammaging
  • Immunosenescence
  • Bystander effects
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9
Q

What effect does aging have on the integumentary system ?

A
  • Skin becomes thinner and less elastic
  • Less adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer
  • sagging and wrinkling of the skin
  • sweat glands become less active
  • fewer hair follicle and a decrease in melanocytes
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10
Q

What effect does aging have on the cardiovascular system ?

A
  • Heart muscle weakens
  • The elasticity of arteries decreases : raising bp
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11
Q

What effect does aging have on the digestive system ?

A
  • Secretion of saliva decreases : so more bacteria adhere to the teeth causing decay
  • blood flow to the liver is reduced
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12
Q

What effect does aging have on the immune system ?

A
  • Function declines with age
  • The thymus shrinks to less than 5% of its original size
  • Antibody production decreases
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13
Q

What effect does aging have on the respiratory system ?

A
  • cardiovascular problems are often accompanied by respiratory disorders
  • Decrease elasticity of lung tissues reduces ventilation
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14
Q

What effect does aging have on the urinary system ?

A
  • Blood supply to kidneys is reduced
  • kidney becomes smaller and less efficient at filtering waste
  • Salt and water balance is difficult to maintain , dehydrate faster
  • urinary incontinence (lack of bladder control)
  • enlarged prostate gland may cause difficult urination
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15
Q

What effect does aging have on the musculoskeletal system ?

A
  • decrease in both size and number of muscle fibres
  • bones shrink in size and density
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16
Q

What effect does aging have on the reproductive system for males ?

A
  • low testosterone levels which lead too decreased sex drive , excessive weight gain , loss of muscle mass
  • But males are still fertile
17
Q

What effect does aging have on the reproductive system for females ?

A
  • Menopause occurs at age 45-55
  • Ovaires dont respond to gonadotropic hormones
  • physical symptoms : dizziness , depression , headaches
  • females live longer than men as estrogen protects against cardiovascular disorders
  • But females no longer fertile
18
Q

What effect does aging have on the endocrine system ?

A
  • Activity of thyroid gland declines , resulting in a lower basal metabolic rate
  • Cells become less sensitive to insulin
19
Q

What effect does Aging have on the nervous systems ?

A
  • declines in cardiovascular function may impair cerebral blood flow regulation
20
Q

how is Alzheimer disease characterized ?

A
  • abnormally structured neurons and reduced acetylcholine in the hippocampus
21
Q

What two features do the affected neurons have ?

A
  • Bundles of neurofibrillary tangles extend from the axon to surround the nucleus of the neuron
  • Protein rich accumulations called amyloid plaques envelop branches of the axon
22
Q

What are the risk factors of the Alzheimer disease ?

A
  • Elevated blood cholesterol and blood pressure , smoking , obesity , sedentary lifestyle and diabetes mellitus
23
Q

What are the treatments of Alzheimer disease ?

A
  • Cholinesterase inhibitors
  • Drugs that block excitotoxicity : tendency of diseased neurons to self destruct
  • but none of these are cures , they just slow the progress of symptoms
24
Q

What effect does Aging have on the sensory systems ?

A
  • smell senses decrease and about 15% suffer from anosmia ( total inability to smell )
  • after age 50 , most begin to lose hearing
  • starting at age 40 , presbyopia is common ( difficulty focusing on near objects )
  • cataracts and other eye disorders are much more common

HEAL 1502 (32 decks)

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