Aero 4: Maneuvering & Hazards Flashcards
What causes a slip?
Opposite or inefficient use of the rudder in the direction of the turn
What causes a slip?
Opposite or inefficient use of the rudder in the direction of the turn
What causes a skid?
Using too much of the rudder in the direction of the turn
What is the visual indicator of a skid?
(What shows on the turn-and-slip indicator?)
The ball is displaced towards the outside of the turn
What is the visual indicator of a slip?
(What shows on the turn-and-slip indicator?)
The ball is displaced towards the inside of the turn
What happens to the turn radius in a slip?
The turn radius increases
What happens to the turn radius in a skid?
The turn radius decreases
What happens to the turn rate in a slip?
The turn rate decreases
What happens to the turn rate in a skid?
The turn rate increases
P-factor
The yawing moment caused by one prop blade creating more thrust than the other
What happens to the aircraft when it encounters P-factor/slipstream swirl at low airspeeds?
The nose of the aircraft yaws to the left
How does a pilot compensate for slipstream swirl?
(1) Right rudder input
(2) Lateral control stick inputs
Load factor
Ratio of total lift to the airplane’s weight
N = L/W
What happens to the load factor during a level, constant airspeed turn?
The load factor for the airplane increases
During the turn, the vertical lift component bears all of the weight of the aircraft so the total lift vector must be increased to maintain altitude
Limit load factor
The maximum load factor an airplane can sustain without any possibility of permanent deformation
Elastic limit
The maximum load that may be applied to a component without permanent deformation (and it returns back to its original state)
Ultimate load factor
The maximum load factor that the airplane can withstand without structural failure
Overstress
The condition of possible permanent deformation/damage from exceeding the limit load factor
Accelerated stall lines
Lines that represent the maximum load factor that an airplane can produce based on airspeed
Determined by CLmax AOA
Where is the maneuver point found on the V-N diagram?
At the intersection of the accelerated stall line and the limit load factor line
Maneuver speed (Va)
The slowest airspeed that an airplane can generate its limit load factor
Is the corresponding airspeed of the maneuver point on a V-N diagram
Redline speed (Vne)
The highest airspeed that an airplane is allowed to fly
What can occur if an aircraft is out of the safe flight envelope?
Structural damage
Wake turbulence
Turbulence from the spiraling vortices of air created at the wingtip
What characteristics create the greatest vortex strength?
An airplane that is heavy, slow, and clean (flaps up)
How can wake turbulence be avoided?
(1) Maintain aircraft separation (wait for 2 mins prior to takeoffs and landings)
(2) Changing rotation and landing points to avoid the other airplane’s flight path
Wind shear
A sudden change in wind direction and/or speed over a short distance in the atmosphere.
Why is wind shear a hazard?
The sudden change in airflow over the aircraft can change the amount of lift the airplane has, thus changing the performance characteristics. The pilot’s response to this sudden performance change is the danger as it could be too aggressive or too passive.
What percentage is the ultimate load factor of an aircraft?
Usually 150% of the limit load factor
What happens if you’re below the maneuver speed?
The aircraft will stall before reaching the limit load factor
Accelerated Stall Line Equation
Vₛ= sqrt(2Wn/ρSCₗₘₐₓ)
What are the characteristics of the vortices in wake turbulence?
- Moves at about 2-3kts over the ground
- Has a sink rate of 400-500 fpm
