Aero 4: Maneuvering & Hazards

Question 1

What causes a slip?

Answer 1

Opposite or inefficient use of the rudder in the direction of the turn

Question 2

What causes a slip?

Answer 2

Opposite or inefficient use of the rudder in the direction of the turn

Question 3

What causes a skid?

Answer 3

Using too much of the rudder in the direction of the turn

Question 4

What is the visual indicator of a skid?
(What shows on the turn-and-slip indicator?)

Answer 4

The ball is displaced towards the outside of the turn

Question 5

What is the visual indicator of a slip?
(What shows on the turn-and-slip indicator?)

Answer 5

The ball is displaced towards the inside of the turn

Question 6

What happens to the turn radius in a slip?

Answer 6

The turn radius increases

Question 7

What happens to the turn radius in a skid?

Answer 7

The turn radius decreases

Question 8

What happens to the turn rate in a slip?

Answer 8

The turn rate decreases

Question 9

What happens to the turn rate in a skid?

Answer 9

The turn rate increases

Question 10

P-factor

Answer 10

The yawing moment caused by one prop blade creating more thrust than the other

Question 11

What happens to the aircraft when it encounters P-factor/slipstream swirl at low airspeeds?

Answer 11

The nose of the aircraft yaws to the left

Question 12

How does a pilot compensate for slipstream swirl?

Answer 12

(1) Right rudder input
(2) Lateral control stick inputs

Question 13

Load factor

Answer 13

Ratio of total lift to the airplane’s weight

N = L/W

Question 14

What happens to the load factor during a level, constant airspeed turn?

Answer 14

The load factor for the airplane increases

During the turn, the vertical lift component bears all of the weight of the aircraft so the total lift vector must be increased to maintain altitude

Question 15

Limit load factor

Answer 15

The maximum load factor an airplane can sustain without any possibility of permanent deformation

Question 16

Elastic limit

Answer 16

The maximum load that may be applied to a component without permanent deformation (and it returns back to its original state)

Question 17

Ultimate load factor

Answer 17

The maximum load factor that the airplane can withstand without structural failure

Question 18

Overstress

Answer 18

The condition of possible permanent deformation/damage from exceeding the limit load factor

Question 19

Accelerated stall lines

Answer 19

Lines that represent the maximum load factor that an airplane can produce based on airspeed

Determined by CLmax AOA

Question 20

Where is the maneuver point found on the V-N diagram?

Answer 20

At the intersection of the accelerated stall line and the limit load factor line

Question 21

Maneuver speed (Va)

Answer 21

The slowest airspeed that an airplane can generate its limit load factor

Is the corresponding airspeed of the maneuver point on a V-N diagram

Question 22

Redline speed (Vne)

Answer 22

The highest airspeed that an airplane is allowed to fly

Question 23

What can occur if an aircraft is out of the safe flight envelope?

Answer 23

Structural damage

Question 24

Wake turbulence

Answer 24

Turbulence from the spiraling vortices of air created at the wingtip

Question 25

What characteristics create the greatest vortex strength?

Answer 25

An airplane that is heavy, slow, and clean (flaps up)

Question 26

How can wake turbulence be avoided?

Answer 26

(1) Maintain aircraft separation (wait for 2 mins prior to takeoffs and landings)

(2) Changing rotation and landing points to avoid the other airplane’s flight path

Question 27

Wind shear

Answer 27

A sudden change in wind direction and/or speed over a short distance in the atmosphere.

Question 28

Why is wind shear a hazard?

Answer 28

The sudden change in airflow over the aircraft can change the amount of lift the airplane has, thus changing the performance characteristics. The pilot’s response to this sudden performance change is the danger as it could be too aggressive or too passive.

Question 29

What percentage is the ultimate load factor of an aircraft?

Answer 29

Usually 150% of the limit load factor

Question 30

What happens if you’re below the maneuver speed?

Answer 30

The aircraft will stall before reaching the limit load factor

Question 31

Accelerated Stall Line Equation

Answer 31

Vₛ= sqrt(2Wn/ρSCₗₘₐₓ)

Question 32

What are the characteristics of the vortices in wake turbulence?

Answer 32

• Moves at about 2-3kts over the ground
• Has a sink rate of 400-500 fpm