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Religious Studies > ADVANCED INFORMATION Peace and Conflict in Islam > Flashcards

ADVANCED INFORMATION Peace and Conflict in Islam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the meaning of Islam?

A

Peace

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2
Q

Define Peace? What does peace oppose?

A

Peace is being in harmony with oneself and others. It is the opposite of war.

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3
Q

Which one of Allah’s 99 names mean ‘giver of peace’?

A

As-Salam

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4
Q

What is the aim of Islam?

A

The aim of Islam is to create a harmonious society, on a local and a global level.

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5
Q

How is peace practiced in the everyday live of muslims?

A

The Prophet Muhammad said that one of the best acts is to greet everyone with peace, and Muslims say ‘Al-salamu ‘alaykum’ (peace be upon you) whenever they meet each other.

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6
Q

How is peace practiced in the everyday live of muslims through jihad?

A

Muslims believer in the personal struggle/strive for peace, resisting evil and temptations. This is known as the greater jihad.

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7
Q

How does the ummah demonstrate peace?

A

All muslims are united through the ummah and their belief in Allah, through being united Muslims demonstrate the idea of peace.

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8
Q

What is at the heart of Islam?

A

Peacemaking through justice, forgiveness and reconciliation.

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9
Q

What are the three ways peace can be made?

A
  • Justice
  • forgiveness
  • reconciliation
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10
Q

Define justice

A

Justice: doing what is right and fair according to the law.

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11
Q

Define forgiveness

A

Forgiveness: pardoning a person for a wrong they have done.

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12
Q

Define reconciliation

A

Reconciliation: restoring harmony after relationships have broken down.

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13
Q

Who is an exemplar of how to live a peaceful life?

A

Prophet Muhammad

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14
Q

How does ummah demonstrate justice and equality?

A

They believe all muslims are of equal worth and value and support each other.

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15
Q

Why do muslims believe in forgiveness?

A

-They recognise that everyone makes
mistakes and deserves to be given a
second chance.

-Muslims believe Allah is merciful and they should follow his example and try to forgive others when they do wrong.

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16
Q

Which one of Allah’s name mean ‘most merciful’

A

Ar-Rahman

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17
Q

Which two muslims organisations aim for peace?

A
  • Islamic relief

- Muslim Peace Fellowship

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18
Q

Explain the roles of Islamic Relief and how they provide peace?

A

• Founded in 1984 to help victims of
war.

• Inspired by Islam to promote ideas of
caring for others and achieving peace.

• Works in countries such as Somalia,
Iraq and Bosnia.

• Raises awareness of children living in
extreme poverty.

• Provides teachers and school
materials for children living in poverty.

• Supports refugees with medical care
and food in war-torn countries.

• Provides emergency aid and relief.

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19
Q

Explain roles of Muslim Peace Fellowship and how they provide peace?

A

• Founded in 1994 and works to
promote world peace.

• Works against injustice - reaches out
to people of all faiths.

• Develops understanding and mutual
respect.

• Promotes the Islamic ideas of peace
and non-violence through conferences,
publications, talks and prayer.

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20
Q

Define conflict?

A

A conflict is a serious disagreement that may lead to disunity and war.

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21
Q

Explain the causes of conflicts?

A
  • politics and ideology (when there is a disagreement over how a country should be run)
  • nationalism and ethnicity (when one ethnic group or culture believes it is surperior over another)
  • religion (when followers of one religion defend themselves against or clash with people with different religious beliefs)
  • economics (wanting resources belonging to another country, such as oil).
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22
Q

What are muslim responses to conflict?

A

Muslims aim to avoid conflict and to resolve it peacefully if it does arise. However, if all efforts to reach peace have failed, then war is permissible under very strict conditions.

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23
Q

What is the Situational Ethics view on war?

A

Situation ethicists might consider that using force to resolve a conflict was acceptable if it served the best interests of everyone concerned and stopped even greater damage. They would, however, oppose the use of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons (weapons of mass destruction).

24
Q

What are the arguments of religion causing war?

A
  • While war for political reasons might be justified, war for religious reasons and wars that are called ‘holy’ can never be justified.
  • If a loving and all-powerful God exists, why would he want people to fight and even kill others? Such a God can’t be worthy of worship and isn’t worth believing in.
25
Q

How do muslims respond to people blaming religion as the cause of war and conflict?

A
  • The Prophet Muhammad only fought in self-defence and for the sake of peace, when people’s religious freedoms were taken away.
  • Most wars have had nothing to do with religious beliefs, or have been based on misguided interpretations of religious teachings.
  • Religion cannot be blamed for wars that started because people used their free will to make choices.
26
Q

Define pacifism?

A

Pacifism is the belief that war and violence are wrong and that disagreements should be settled peacefully.

27
Q

What are the four types of Pacism?

A
  • Absolute Pacism
  • Conditional Pacifism
  • Selective Pacifism
  • Active Pacifism
28
Q

What do absolute pacifists believe?

A

Violence and war are always wrong, even in self-defence.

29
Q

What do conditional pacifists believe?

A

War is wrong, but fighting might be necessary as a last resort.

30
Q

What do selective pacifists believe?

A

Wars should not involve nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons.

31
Q

What do active pacifists believe?

A

Pacifists should take part in passive resistance, which is non-violent political action aiming to bring about social change.

32
Q

What is the first example of pacifism in Islam?

A

The frst known example of pacifism comes from the time of the Prophet Adam, when Adam’s son Habil (Abel) did not stop his brother Qabil (Cain) from killing him.

33
Q

What is the order of Authority in Islam?

A

The order of authority in
Islam is:

  1. Allah
  2. the Prophet Muhammad
  3. others in authority.
34
Q

What is the Islamic view of the government and it’s authority?

A

As long as the government is just and allows Muslims to practise their religion freely, the government should be obeyed.

35
Q

What should be done if the government denies muslims their religious rights and freedoms? What did Prophet Muhammad do in this situation?

A
  • In this situatin passive/non-violent resistance is permitted.
  • Prophet Muhammad and his followers experienced persecution and remained committed to non-violence for many years, until the very life of Islam was in danger and the Muslims had no option but to fight.
36
Q

Explain the arab spring case study?

A

In December 2010, a wave of civilian protests started against corruption and dictatorships in some North African and Middle Eastern countries. Many protests led to riots and violent clashes with the authorities, while others remained peaceful. The peaceful protests are examples of Muslims taking part in passive resistance.

37
Q

What is the Just war theory?

A

The just war theory is a set of conditions that need to be met in order for a war to
be justified.

38
Q

What are the 7 condition for a just war?

A
  • just cause
  • comparative justice
  • legitimate authority
  • right intention
  • probability of success
  • last resort
  • proportionality
39
Q

How can situation ethics be related to just war?

A

Situation ethics is the idea that moral decisions (decisions about what is right and what is wrong) should be based on what is the most loving thing to do in the specific circumstances.

Situation ethicists would ask, is war in the best interests of everyone concerned? If war is unavoidable, enemies should still be loved and no nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons should be used.

40
Q

What are the conditions for war in Islam?

A

A war is possible, if it is fought because of:

  • persecution (suffering because of your
    beliefs) becomes intense
  • freedom of belief (e.g. the right to worship) is being taken away, including for other faiths, whose places of worship must also be protected by Muslims
  • Muslims are attacked first and need to defend themselves

It is authorized by a prophet, khalifah
(Sunni), or one of the 12 Imams (Shi’a)

-It is a last resort.

41
Q

What reasons for war are banned in Islam?

A
  • start a war
  • target or harm innocent civilians
  • attack leaders of other faiths
  • use fighting to convert people to Islam
  • kill fellow Muslims
  • ask non-Muslims for help
  • attack at night or by surprise
  • take captives, until there has been regular fighting
42
Q

What islamic arguments oppose war?

A

Muslims may believe that war is never the right choice as it causes suffering, believing that peace and reconciliation are at the heart of Islam.

43
Q

What is the arabic word for Holy war?

A

Harb al-Maqadis

44
Q

What are some examples of Holy wars fought by Prophet Muhammad?

A

Muhammad and his followers were involved in holy wars, such as the Battle
of Bad and the Conquest of Makkah.

45
Q

What are the 3 types of Weapons of mass destruction?

A
  • Nuclear
  • Chemical
  • Biological
46
Q

When were the first WMD used?

A

The first nuclear weapons were used during the Second Word War, when the USA dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagesaki, kling 200 thousand people, mostly civilians. US President Harry S.Truman ordered the bombing because Japan did not surrender when the USA asked it to.

47
Q

Disadvantages of WMD?

A
  • Destruction is immeasurable
  • civilian deaths are inevitable
  • cause long-term health problem which affect many innocent generations
48
Q

Advantages of WMD

A
  • Effective detterent
  • conflict can be ended more quickly
  • loss of life is minimised for the side that is using them
49
Q

Do muslims accept WMD?

A

No

50
Q

For muslim equaling one person is equal to taking the life of all?

A

People

51
Q

What is the utilitarianistic view on WMD?

A

Many utilitarians would support the use of WMD if they were used to prevent the deaths of more people than would die as a result of the bombing.

52
Q

Do atheists and humanists accept WMD?

A

No

53
Q

Why do muslims decline the use of WMD? Why may the minority support this?

A

The majority say that, based on the principle of sanctity of life, using WMD is wrong, while a minority support their use as a deterrent.

54
Q

Define sanctity of life?

A

The belief that life is created by God and made holy by him

55
Q

Define utilitarianism

A

The belief that the right course of action is the one that will produce the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people.

56
Q

How do statistics highlight that Islam doesn’t support terrorism?

A

• 94% of terrorist attacks carried out in the USA between 1980 and
2005 were by non-Muslims (US Department of Justice)

• Between 2009 and 2013 less than 2% of terrorist attacks in
Europe were religiously motivated
(ThinkProgress organization).

57
Q

What are the Ten Rules of war in Islam? What was this called and who made this?

A

Known as the Malik’s Muwatta

Made by the first Khalifah of Sunni Islam, Abu Bakr, these rule are as follow:

  1. Do not kill women.
  2. Do not kill children.
  3. Do not kill an elderly person.
  4. Do not cut down fruit -bearing trees.
  5. Do not destroy an inhabited place.
  6. Do not slaughter sheep or camels
    except for food.
  7. Do not burn bees.
  8. Do not scatter bees.
  9. Do not steal from the booty.
    1o. Do not be cowardly

Religious Studies (20 decks)

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