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DPD 2 > Advanced Histopathology > Flashcards

Advanced Histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which layers of embryonic tissue can the teratoma

A

Any three of ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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2
Q

Where can teratomas arise?

A

Ovaries

Testes

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3
Q

Examples of what might be produced

A

Skin, teeth, hair - ectoderm

Cartilage - mesoderm

Gut - endoderm

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4
Q

What are the three types of ovarian tumours

A

Surface epithelium of ovary
Sex cord/stroma
Germ cells

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5
Q

Testicular germ cell tumours

A 
Germ cell tumours
Embryonal carcinoma
Yolk sac tumour
Choriocarincoma
Seminoma
Dysgerminonma
Germinoma
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6
Q

How do you classify teratomas

A

Mature or immature

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7
Q

Classification of mature tumours

A

Solid or cystic

Note: calcified cystic neoplasm is also called a dermoid cyst

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8
Q

Where can teratomas arise besides the gonads?

A

Teratomas can also be found wherever the gonads used to be during embryology:

Pineal
Base of skull
Mediastinum
Retroperitoneum
Sacro-coccygeal area
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9
Q

What is an immature tumour classified due to?

A

Neural tissue

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10
Q

Where do neuroendocrine tumours occur?

A

Anywhere in GIT, foregut, midgut, hindgut

scattered red cells = neuroendocrine cells

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11
Q

What is seen on electron microscopy of neuro

A

Granules seen on electron microscopy

chromogranin - seen in core of neurosecretory granuls in these makers

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12
Q

Immunohistochemical markers for neuroendocrine cells

A

Synaptophysin
CD56 (NK cells also stained)
Chromogranin

Found in granules ^^

Hormones can also be stained

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13
Q

Neuroendocrine tumours of foregut can arise where?

A

Thymus, eosophagus, lung, stomach, duodenium

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine tumours of midgut can arise where?

A

Appendix, colon also some other areas

higher grade

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15
Q

Neuroendocrine tumours of hindgut can arise where?

A

Rectum

low grade

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16
Q

Treatment for high grade tumours

A

Chemo

17
Q

How do you differentiate between high grade and low grade neuroendocrine tumours?

A

Octreotide scan for low grade

Treatment = Somatostatin nanalogues
Radionuclide therapy
?

High grade screening - FDG pet - metabolic activity

18
Q

Serotonin secretion leads to what syndrome

A

Carcinoid syndrome

19
Q

Features of carcinoid syndrome

A 
Diarrhoea
Fast HR
SOB
Facial skin lesions
Skin flushing

DPD 2 (22 decks)

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