ADTA Modules Flashcards
Anterior Teeth
The six front teeth in both the upper and lower jaw
Cuspid
commonly referred to as the canine or eye tooth, a single-cusped tooth positioned behind the lateral incisors
Central Incisor
The two front teeth on either side of the midline, on the upper and lower jaw whose primary function is to cut and tear food
Deciduous Teeth
Also, know as the primary teeth or baby teeth
Lateral Incisor
the teeth that are distal (posterior) to the central incisors on the upper and lower jaw
Maxilla
The upper jaw
Mandible
The lower jaw
Molar
Large, broad and multi-cusped teeth in the back of the mouth used for grinding and chewing food. Molars are generally the largest teeth in the mouth
Mixed Dentition
The phase in which the growing mouth contains a combination of both primary and permanent teeth
how many permanent teeth does a person have?
32
Posterior teeth
The five back teeth in any quadrant: the first and second premolars and first, second and third molars
Premolar
the two teeth directly in front of the 1st molar in any quadrant, also known as the bicuspids
Third Molar
Molars behind the 2nd molars, also known as wisdom teeth
Buccal
the facial surface of posterior teeth that faces the cheeks
Distal
the surface that faces the back of the mouth
Facial
The general term for describing the surface of any tooth that is facing either the lip or cheek
Incisal
The surface, or edge on the top of anterior teeth that is used primarily to tear and slice food
Labial
The facial surface of anterior teeth that faces the lips
Lingual
The surface of lower teeth (in the mandible) that faces the tongue
Mesial
the surface that faces toward the front (midline) of the mouth
Occlusal
The chewing surface of the posterior teeth
Palatal
the surface of upper teeth (in the maxilla) that faces the palate. Can also be referred to as lingual
Proximal
The surface of a tooth that is facing another tooth.
Interproximal
refers to the area between the two teeth
Apical Foramen
The opening of the root tip where the nerve and blood supply enter
Cementum
The material that covers the root of the tooth
Cemento-enamel junction
the area where the cementum meets the enamel
Dentin
Living, organic tissue, underneath the enamel in the crown and underneath the cementum in the root, makes up most of the body of the tooth and protects the pulp
Dento-enamel junction
The area where dentin meets enamel
Enamel
The hard, mineralized layer that has a crystal-like structure and covers and protects the tooth.
-enamel is the hardest material in the human body
Periodontal ligament
The network of thousands of tiny fibers that hold the tooth in its bony socket
Pulp
the innermost chamber of the tooth that contains the nerve, blood supply, and lymph tissue
Caries
- Also know as decay
- Caries occurs when minerals are leached out of the tooth due to the acidic byproducts of bacteria.
- If left untreated, decay will destroy tooth structure and advance toward the pulp resulting in the need for either extraction or root and canal therapy
How many classes of Caries are there
6
What are the quadrants of the mouth?
- Upper right
- Top left
- Left bottom
- Bottom right
How many specialties of dentistry are there?
9
List the 9 specialties of dentistry
- Dental Public Health
- Endodontics
- Oral and maxillofacial radiology
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery
- Oral Pathology
- Orthodontics
- Pediatric Dentistry
- Periodontics
- Prosthodontics
Explain the specialty: Dentist of public health
Deals with the prevention and control of oral diseases in populations and the promotion of dental health through organized community efforts
Explain the specialty: Endodontics
Deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the pulp
Explain the specialty: Oral and maxillofacial radiology
Deals with creating and interpreting images produced by radiation to diagnose and manage diseases of the mouth, head, and neck
Explain the specialty: Oral and maxillofacial surgery
Deals with the treatment of diseases, injuries and defects involving teeth, bone and soft tissues in the mouth, head, and neck
Explain the specialty: Oral Pathology
Deals with the diagnosis and management of disease affecting the soft tissues and bones of the mouth, head, and neck
Explain the specialty: Orthodontics
Deals with the movement of teeth to obtain optimal bite relations and harmony between the teeth and face
Explain the specialty: Pediatric Dentistry
Deals with the treatment of infants and children, including those with special healthcare needs
Explain the specialty: Periodontics
Deals with the treatment of bone and gum diseases associated with teeth, including the placement of implants
Explain the specialty: Prosthodontics
Deals with the restoration of function, comfort, and esthetics by fixing and/or replacing natural teeth with crowns, bridges, and dentures
What are the features of a High-Speed Handpiece
- Operates at greater than 200,000 rpm
- Cuts easily through enamel
- Gross reduction of tooth structure
- Removes filling materials quickly and efficiently
- Requires water coolant
What are the features of a Low-Speed Handpiece
- Operators between 5,000 and 40,000 rpm
- Added Tactile control
- Careful Removal of Decay
- Refining Preps
- Polishing Restoration
What are some of the specifications that can be important when choosing a handpiece
- Weight
- Shape
- Power Source (air or electricity)
- Fiber Optic Light Source
What are the three major types of curing lights?
- Halogen
- LED
- Plasma Arc
1 Ounce of prevention is
1 pound of cure
What are the 3 Distinct phases of Prevention
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
What is prophylaxis
Cleaning and polishing the coronal or crown surfaces of the teeth
What is scaling and root planing
Prophylaxis and removal of plaque and tartar below the gingiva
What is the purpose of Dental Sealants
A thin layer of light-cured composite resin or glass ionomer designed to fill pits and fissures, typically on premolars and molars
What are the two ways fluoride is integrated into teeth
- Systemically
- Topically
What are the 6 general steps of sealant placement
- Isolate Teeth
- Clean Teeth
- Etch Teeth
- Apply Sealant
- Polymerize Sealant
- Check Occculison
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step 1 isolate teeth
- Keeps teeth dry and free of saliva
- Uses Cotton rolls or rubber dam
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step 2 Clean teeth
- Removes plaque and food debris
- Uses prophy cup and pumice powder on low-speed handpiece
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step 3 etch teeth
- Creates a roughened surface that helps retain the sealant
- Uses Acid etch gel or liquid
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step 4 Apply sealant
- Flows into pits and fissures and slightly onto occlusal surface
- Uses prefilled sealant cartridges and syringe applicator
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step 5 Polymerize Sealant
- Hardens sealant and bonds it to teeth
- Uses a curing light
6 general steps of sealant placement - Explain step check occlusion
- Makes sure that the patient’s bite is even
- Articulating paper and high or low-speed handpiece
What are the three ways fluoride helps teeth
- Reduces quantity of acid produced by plaque
- Modifies enamel chemically
- Remineralizes the tooth where it had been decalcified
What is an amalgam
Alloy of silver, mercury, and other metals. These components are precisely measured and packaged in individual plastic capsules
What is Composite Resin
A filling material available in a variety of tooth-colored shades, bonds to teeth through the use of a bonding agent. Dentists can place composites with minimal removal of tooth structure
Composite polymerizes in what 3 ways?
- Light cured (extended working time)
- Self cured (limited working time)
- Dual-cured (hard to access areas)
What are the 4 steps of Cavity Preparation
- Caries Removal: Removes decay with excavators etc.
- Refinement of Cavity Prep: smooth cavity walls and remove weak tooth structure. Instruments used hatchets, chisels, and margin trimmers
- Filling Cavity Prep: Transport filling material using composite and amalgam carriers and packing filling material in place using pluggers
- Shaping filling material: Smooth filling material and adapt it closely to edges or restoration using burnishers, ball, football, acorn. then shape and sculpt the filling material into the desired form using carvers, cleoid, discoid, hollenback, interproximal
What are the 3 types of composite resin
- Microhybrid
- Microfill
- Universal
Explain the characteristics of microhybrid resin
- Large relative particle size
- Strength is the benefit
- Used for posterior
Explain the characteristics of Microfill resin
- Small relative particle size
- Benefits: polishability and Flexibility
- Used for Anterior and posterior
Explain the characteristics of universal resin
- Large relative particle size
- Benefits: Strenght and polishability
- Used for posterior and anterior
What do surgeons keep in mind when selecting a Suture material
- Ease of use
- Strength
- Resorbable/non-resorbable
Teeth, bone, and soft tissues can be destroyed by
- Decay
- Periodontal Disease
- Trauma
- Cancer
What are implants
Small posts of biocompatible material that replace the roots of teeth and serve as anchors for crowns, bridges, and dentures. After placement, they are completely covered by the gingiva and allowed to integrate with the surrounding bone
What are the 7 steps to the Tooth Extraction Procedure
- Injection - Anesthetize surgical site
- Gingival Separation - Separate gum from tooth
- Luxation - Loosen tooth
- Extraction - Remove tooth
- Curetting - Remove diseased soft tissue
- Suturing - Close wound
- Applying Pressure - control bleeding
Cosmetic Procedures improve
- Size and shape of teeth
- Orientation
- Position
- Color
What are the 3 components of color
- Hue: name of color
- Chroma: Saturation or quantity of a hue
- Value: Brightness level
Self-etching primers contain (single bottle)
- Etch
- Primer
- Bonding agent
List examples of indirect restorations
- Veneers
- Inlays
- Onlays
- Crowns
Cosmetic Dentistry: List examples of size and shape problems
- Large and small teeth
- Malformed Teeth
- Warn (aged) teeth
- Chipped and fractured teeth
Cosmetic Dentistry: list examples of Position problems
- Flared teeth
- Crowding and spacing
- midline discrepancy
- Overjet and over bite
Cosmetic Dentistry: List examples of color problems
- Tetracycline discoloration
- Endodontic discoloration
- Fluorosis
- Dark (aged) teeth & white spots
Periodontitis
- Infection caused by plaque
- Major cause of tooth loss
periodontists and their training
Students receive training in:
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Pathology
- Diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease
Gingivitis
the initial stage of periodontitis and manifests itself as inflamed gums
list some non-surgical periodontal therapy instruments
- Curette
- Explorer
- Hoe, Chisel, and file scaler
- Periodontal probe
- Polishing Instruments
- Sickle Scaler
- Ultrasonic and sonic scaler
What is a curette
- An instrument that removes subgingival calculus
- Also useful for root planing and removing soft tissue from the periodontal pocket
What is an explorer
- Instrument that locates calculus deposits and decay
- Dentist rely on their tactile sensitivity (vibrations indicating roughness are transmitted through the instrument to the dentists’ fingers)
What is a hoe, chisel, and file scaler
-Instruments that remove tightly bound subgingival calculus
What is a periodontal probe
-An instrument that measures depth of pocket between gingiva and tooth
What is the function or use of a polishing instrument
Cleans and polishes tooth surfaces, these instruments include rubber cups and bristle brushes
What is a sickle scaler
An instrument that removes supragingival calculus
What is an ultrasonic and sonic scaler
removes calculus and plaque from the teeth and soft tissue from the periodontal pocket. Can be used with antimicrobial irrigation
List examples of Surgical periodontal therapy instruments
- Electrosurgical instruments
- Gingivectomy Knife
- Hemostat
- Interdental Knife
- Periosteal Elevator
- Scalpel Blades - e.g., #12D, 15, and 15C
- Scissor and Nipper
- Surgical Chisel and hoe
- Surgical curette and sickle
- surgical file
- Tissue forceps
What is the function or use of electrosurgical instruments
- Incises
- Excises
- Coagulates soft tissue
What is the function or use of a Gingivectomy knife
Incises gingiva
What is the function or use of a Hemostat
Clams cut blood vessels to reduce bleeding
What is the function or use of an interdental knife
Incises interdental gingiva
What is the function or use of periosteal elevator
raises the soft tissue with periosteum from the bone
What is the function or use of Scalpel blades
Incises soft tissue
What is the function or use of a scissor and nipper
Removes pieces of soft tissue
What is the function or use of a surgical chisel and hoe
Removes and sculpts bone
What is the function or use of Surgical curette and sickle
Removes soft tissue and calculus deposits
What is the function or use of a surgical file
Smoothes rough surfaces of bone
What is the function or use of tissue forceps
Grasps soft tissue flaps and grafts allowing them to be moved to the desired location
orthodontic examination includes
- Clinical and radiographic observations
- Study model analysis
- photographic evaluation of the teeth
Panoramic Films can
- reveal impacted and erupting teeth
- incomplete Root Formation
- Insufficient bone support
Cephalometric films show
- Facial contour
- Angulation of the anterior teeth
- Relationship of the jaws to each other and skull
In addition to angle classification system, other terms have been used to describe malocclusion including
- Spacing
- Crossbite
- Overjet and overbite
- Open bite
What are two examples of removable appliances (ortho)
- Schwarz Expander: Crossbite correction
- Hawley Retainer: May be used to hold teeth in place
What are the 3 types of wire and band manipulating instruments
- Pilers
- Cutters
- Bracket and Band instruments
List some examples of pilers (ortho instruments)
- Tie pliers
- Elastomeric Pliers
- Bird Beak Pliers
- Cone Socket Pliers
List 3 examples of cutters (ortho instruments)
- Straight Wire Cutter
- Pin and Ligature Cutter
- Universal Cut and hold distal end cutter
List the 5 bracket and band instruments (ortho instruments)
- Bracket forceps
- Band pusher
- Band biter
- Bracket Remover
- Band Remover
Prosthodontics encompasses
- Fixed prosthodontics
- Removable
- Implant
- Maxillofacial Prosthodontics
What is fixed prosthodontics
-Cementing or bonding laboratory-made crowns and bridges to natural teeth
Crowns and bridges can be made out of
- gold
- Base metal alloys
- porcelain
- porcelain Fused-to-metal (PFM)
What is a fixed bridge
A cemented replacement for a missing tooth or teeth.
Removable prosthodontics
The replacement of teeth with prosthetics that can be placed in and removed from the mouth by the patient.
ex. full and partial dentures
What are the key characteristics of impression materials
-Dimensional stability over extended time periods allows impressions to be shipped to the lab without concern about distortion of the impression.
-The light body impression material adheres well to the preparation so it will not drip off before the impression tray is seated.
-The impression material is hydrophilic or “water loving” which allows moisture to be displaced from the preparation.
-The impression material can be disinfected with no concern about distortion due to chemical reactions between the material and disinfectant.
-Enhanced flow characteristics allow the impression material to easily cover all areas of interest before setting.
-High tear strength allows the impression to be removed after it has set with
minimal distortion of the impression or irritation to the soft tissues.
What are the 5 impression material classes
- Alginate
- Polyether
- Vinyl Polysiloxane
- Rubber base
- Hydrocolloid
What are the selected primary uses for the alginate (impression) material class
- Preliminary impressions for full dentures
- Orthodontic study model impressions
- Restorative study model impressions
- Opposing casts for placing for articulating in restorative cases
- Making trays for tooth whitening
What (impression) material classes are used for crowns, bridges, and dentures
- Polyether
- Vinyl Polysiloxane
- Rubber Base
- Hydrocolloid
Associated Equipment and Materials for Impressions
- Trays
- Plastic – Disposable
- Water Cooled – Used with hydrocolloid impression material
- Metal
- Bite Trays
- Tray Adhesive – makes impression material stick to tray
- Mixing Pads, Slabs, and Bowls
- Mixing Spatulas
- Syringe for injecting light-bodied impression material
- Automatic impression material mixing machine
Dental Instruments are labeled based on their risk of infection what are the 3 labels
- Critical - Scalers, Scalpels, Endodontic Files
- Semi-Critical - Mouth mirrors, impression trays, and handpieces
- Non-Critical - Blood pressure cuffs and stethoscopes
What are the 3 forms of Heat sterilization
- Steam under pressure (Autoclave)
- Dry heat
- Chemical vapor
