Adrenergic, Cholinergic and Opioid Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the primary function of alpha 1 receptor?

Answer 1

Vasoconstriction

Question 2

What is the primary function of an alpha 2 receptor?

Answer 2

Pre-synaptic inhibition –> Inhibits Noradrenaline release

Question 3

What are the 2 primary functions of beta 1 receptor?

Answer 3

1) Increased cardiac effects

2) Increased renin secretion

Question 4

What are the 2 primary functions of a beta 2 receptor?

Answer 4

1) Bronchodilation

2) Vasodilation

Question 5

What are the 2 primary functions of a beta 3 receptor?

Answer 5

1) Increased lipolysis

2) Bladder relaxation (detrusor muscle relaxant)

Question 6

What would alpha and beta 1 adrenergic antagonist effects have?

Answer 6

Alpha: Bladder relax, vasodilation
Beta: Reduce CO and renin secretion

Question 7

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

Answer 7

GPCR

Question 8

What are adverse agonist effects of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 8

1) Diarrhoea
2) Bradycardia
3) Miosis
4) Salivation
5) Lacrimation
6) emesis
7) urination

Question 9

Where do each of the 5 muscarinic receptors take effect?

Answer 9

1) M1: Brain
2) M2: Heart
3) M3: Organs with PS innervation
4) M4: CNS
5) M5: CNS

Question 10

What are the effects of M2 and M3 receptors?

Answer 10

M2: Slow down the heart rate
M3: Resp: Mucus and SMC, GI: Saliva prod and gut motility ^, biliary secretion stimulated, Skin: Sweat ^, UG: Urinary secretion and Eyes mysosis

Question 11

What are the further effects of beta 1 receptors?

Answer 11

Tachycardia, Increase in SV, Renin release, hyperglycaemia and lipolysis

Question 12

What are the further effects of beta 2 receptors?

Answer 12

Bronchodilation, inhibit micturition, inhibit labour, increase contraction speed, insulin/glucagon secretion

Question 13

How do opioids work?

Answer 13

Descending inhibition of pain -> Limit F/F response -> sustained activation: Tolerance and addiction

Question 14

What are 5 side effects of respiratory use?

Answer 14

1) Respiratory Depression
2) Sedation
3) Nausea
4) Vomiting
5) Constipation

Question 15

What is the dose-response curve for morphine?

Answer 15

Non-sigmoidal: As dose increases, response increases. Initial rapid association before plateau

Question 16

What is allergy?

Answer 16

Abnormal response to foreign harmless material

Question 17

What is atopy?

Answer 17

Tendency to develop allergies

Question 18

Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic reactions? (What happens when threat identified)

Answer 18

IgE

Receptors end up cross-linking

Question 19

Which cells express IgE receptors high affinity?

Answer 19

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils

Question 20

Give 5 possible treatments for allergy and hypersensitivity.

Answer 20

1. Avoid allergens.
2. Desensitisation (immunotherapy, some risks).
3. Prevent IgE production (interfere with TH2 pathway).
4. Prevent mast cell activation.
5. Inhibit mast cell products (e.g. histamine receptor antagonists).

Question 21

What steps happen in an allergic response?

Answer 21

1) Allergen gets identified
2) High affinity IgE receptors cross-link
3) IgE binds
4) Mast cells activated
5) Granules released –> Histamine and cytokines (TH2 response caused)

Question 22

What compound causes blood vessel dilation and vascular leakage in an allergic reaction?

Answer 22

Histamine

Question 23

What does a cytokine release in an allergic reaction?

Answer 23

Induce a TH2 response

Question 24

What are anaphylactic systemic effects?

Answer 24

CV: Vasodilation, decreased BP
Resp; Bronchial SM conduction, mucus
Skin: Rash and swelling
GI; Pain and vomiting