Adrenergic, Cholinergic and Opioid Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the primary function of alpha 1 receptor?
Vasoconstriction
What is the primary function of an alpha 2 receptor?
Pre-synaptic inhibition –> Inhibits Noradrenaline release
What are the 2 primary functions of beta 1 receptor?
1) Increased cardiac effects
2) Increased renin secretion
What are the 2 primary functions of a beta 2 receptor?
1) Bronchodilation
2) Vasodilation
What are the 2 primary functions of a beta 3 receptor?
1) Increased lipolysis
2) Bladder relaxation (detrusor muscle relaxant)
What would alpha and beta 1 adrenergic antagonist effects have?
Alpha: Bladder relax, vasodilation
Beta: Reduce CO and renin secretion
What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?
GPCR
What are adverse agonist effects of muscarinic receptors?
1) Diarrhoea
2) Bradycardia
3) Miosis
4) Salivation
5) Lacrimation
6) emesis
7) urination
Where do each of the 5 muscarinic receptors take effect?
1) M1: Brain
2) M2: Heart
3) M3: Organs with PS innervation
4) M4: CNS
5) M5: CNS
What are the effects of M2 and M3 receptors?
M2: Slow down the heart rate
M3: Resp: Mucus and SMC, GI: Saliva prod and gut motility ^, biliary secretion stimulated, Skin: Sweat ^, UG: Urinary secretion and Eyes mysosis
What are the further effects of beta 1 receptors?
Tachycardia, Increase in SV, Renin release, hyperglycaemia and lipolysis
What are the further effects of beta 2 receptors?
Bronchodilation, inhibit micturition, inhibit labour, increase contraction speed, insulin/glucagon secretion
How do opioids work?
Descending inhibition of pain -> Limit F/F response -> sustained activation: Tolerance and addiction
What are 5 side effects of respiratory use?
1) Respiratory Depression
2) Sedation
3) Nausea
4) Vomiting
5) Constipation
What is the dose-response curve for morphine?
Non-sigmoidal: As dose increases, response increases. Initial rapid association before plateau
What is allergy?
Abnormal response to foreign harmless material
What is atopy?
Tendency to develop allergies
Which immunoglobulin is involved in allergic reactions? (What happens when threat identified)
IgE
Receptors end up cross-linking
Which cells express IgE receptors high affinity?
Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils
Give 5 possible treatments for allergy and hypersensitivity.
- Avoid allergens.
- Desensitisation (immunotherapy, some risks).
- Prevent IgE production (interfere with TH2 pathway).
- Prevent mast cell activation.
- Inhibit mast cell products (e.g. histamine receptor antagonists).
What steps happen in an allergic response?
1) Allergen gets identified
2) High affinity IgE receptors cross-link
3) IgE binds
4) Mast cells activated
5) Granules released –> Histamine and cytokines (TH2 response caused)
What compound causes blood vessel dilation and vascular leakage in an allergic reaction?
Histamine
What does a cytokine release in an allergic reaction?
Induce a TH2 response
What are anaphylactic systemic effects?
CV: Vasodilation, decreased BP
Resp; Bronchial SM conduction, mucus
Skin: Rash and swelling
GI; Pain and vomiting