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Human physiology (2) > Adrenal, thyroid and stress adaptations > Flashcards

Adrenal, thyroid and stress adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What processes occur within glucose production? (3)

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis

Glucagon

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2
Q

What processes occur within glucose utilisation?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

Other than insulin and glucose, what are the other 3 factors for fuel metabolism?

A

Adrenaline - emergency energy (hypoglycaemia)
Cortisol - mobilisation of fuels during stress adaptation (hyperg)
Growth hormone - promotion of growth (hyperg)

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4
Q

What is synergism in metabolism?

A

glucagon, adrenaline and cortisol working together to produce a larger combined effect

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5
Q

What is stress? (3)

A

a state of threatened homeostasis or disharmony

  • physiological
  • behavioural
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6
Q

What is a stressor? (2)

A

A stimulus that induces state of stress

  • psychological/emotional
  • physiological
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7
Q

What is involved in the integrated response, stress response system? (2)

A

Sympathetic NS & adrenaline

CRH-ACTH-cortisol

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8
Q

What is the effect of SNS and adrenaline in the stress response system? (3)

A

> Increase cardiac output and ventilation
Diversion of blood flow to the muscles and heart
Mobilisation of glycogen and fat stores

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9
Q

What are the actions of cortisol?

A
  • metabolic effects

- anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive effects

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10
Q

What are the metabolic actions of cortisol? (2)

A

Elevate plasma glucose

Build up glycogen stores

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11
Q

What can prolonged elevated cortisol levels lead to? (4)

A
  1. Muscle wasting
  2. Hyperglycaemia
  3. GI ulcers
  4. Impaired immune response
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12
Q

What is the key component of Cushing’s syndrome and what does this lead to?

A

Exogenous glucocorticoid

Excess cortisol

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13
Q

What are the primary and secondary defects of excess cortisol? (2)

A

Autonomously-secreted adrenal tumour

Excessive production of ACTH (pituitary/ectopic tumour)

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14
Q

What are the steps involved of producing cortisol? (7)

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. CRH
  3. Anterior pituitary
  4. ACTH
  5. Adrenal cortex
  6. Cortisol
  7. Target cell response
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15
Q

What are the physical effects of Cushing’s syndrome? (6)

A
  • depression
  • truncal obesity
  • hypertension diabetes
  • osteoporosis
  • poor wound healing/easy bruising
  • skinny arms and legs
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16
Q

What is Addison’s disease caused by, give examples (2)?

A

Lack of adrenal steroids from the adrenal cortex

  • aldosterone
  • androgens
17
Q

What are the consequences of Addison’s disease? (4)

A
  1. Hyponatraemia (low blood Na+)
  2. Hyperalaemia (high plasma K+)
  3. Muscle weakness
  4. Postural hypotension
18
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Round the trachea

19
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid gland? (5)

A

follicle:

  • capillary
  • cuboidal follicular cells
  • microvilli
  • colloid
  • parafollicular cells
20
Q

What are the thyroid hormones? (3)

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin

21
Q

What are the steps involved in regulation of thyroid hormone secretion and what is it called? (7)

A

Endocrine axis:

  1. hypothalamus
  2. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  3. Anterior pituitary
  4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  5. Thyroid gland
  6. T3/T4
  7. Target cell response
22
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones? (2)

A
  • Increase metabolism in the body

- Stimulate growth and development

23
Q

What is a sign of hypothyroidism (2) and what is the treatment?

A
  • Reduction in metabolic activity
  • Cretinism
  • hormone replacement: synthetic thyroxine
24
Q

What is a sign of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Increased tissue metabolism

- Enhancement of b-adrenoreceptor responses

25
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves’ disease

26
Q

What are the causes (1) and symptoms (4) of Graves’ disease?

A

Causes:
- autoimmune: thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins cause release of thyroid hormones

Symptoms:

  • nervousness
  • palpitations
  • goitre (enlarged thyroid gland)
  • exophthalmos
27
Q

What are the 3 ways to manage the diseases?

A
  1. Anti-thyroid drugs - decrease production of thyroid hormones
  2. Radioactive iodine - destroy follicular cells
  3. Thyroidectomy - remove part of the thyroid

Human physiology (2) (22 decks)

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