ADHD and ASD Flashcards
what does ADHD stand for
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
what are the triad of difficulties in ADHD
inattentiveness
impulsivity
hyperactivity
what is ADHD
disorder of self regulation + inflexible adaptability
criteria for ADHD
developmentally inappropriate
impairing function
pervasive across all settings
longstanding from age 5
impact of ADHD on childhood
parenting difficulties school difficulties home stress barrier to learning constantly being in a healthcare environment
impact of ADHD on adulthood
increased risk of psychiatric conditions criminality antisocial behaviour substance misuse criminality
causes of ADHD
genetic predisposition
perinatal precipitants
psychological adversity
what are genetic components in ADHD
FH, strong clustering
dopamine + 5HT transporter genes implicated
what are perinatal precipitants in ADHD
tobacco smoking, alcohol
significant prematurity and hypoxia
what are psychological adversities in ADHD
inconsistent parenting low socioeconomic class large families criminality trauma
what do scans of the brain show in ADHD
under activity in a large portion of the brain
in ADHD, there is a high/low concentration of dopamine transporters and more/less dopamine
high conc of dopamine transporters
less dopamine
low dopamine causes children to increase in risk taking behaviours to seek reward in ADHD, true or false
true
in ADHD there are high/low levels of dopamine, 5HT, noradrenaline
low
what are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in a child
6 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and or hyperactivity + impulsivity
present before age of 5
reported by parents, school
disrupts daily life
what are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in an adult
5 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and or hyperactivity + impulsivity
historical concerns since young age
underachieving
dangerous driving
difficulty establishing and maintaining relationships
methods of treatment for ADHD
psychosocial
pharmacological
types of psychosocial therapy for ADHD
parent training
social skills training
sleep and diet
list medications for ADHD
1st line - stimulants
2nd line - SNRIs
3rd line - a agonists
4th line - imipramine/risperidone
function of stimulants in ADHD and some examples
increase dopamine levels
methylphenidate, dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine
function of SNRIs in ADHD and some examples
increase NA and improve concentration
atomoxetine
examples of a agonists in ADHD
clonidine
guanfacine
risks of medications in ADHD
suppression of appetite
therefore monitor growth
what are the core triad of features of autism spectrum disorder ASD
impairment of: social communication social interaction imagination/flexibility of thought (repetitive behaviours)
features of impairment of social communication in ASD
pedantic about language and grammar americanised voice monotonous hard to grasp underlying meaning difficulty sharing thoughts and feelings
features of impaired social interaction in ASD
self focussed
lack empathy
features of impaired flexibility of thought in ASD
take things literally
dont understand metaphors
features of repetitive behaviours in ASD
repetitive motor movements
insist on routine
ritualised behaviours are comforting
fixated interests
who is more affected by ASD, boys or girls
boys
what is the cause of ASD
multifactorial
genetics
environmental - teratogens
perinatal - foetal distress
ASD is strongly heritable, true or false
true
in ASD where is the neuroanatomy pathology
frontal lobe
amygdala
cerebellum
which molecules are implicated in ASD
glutamate
GABA
5HT
suggestive features of ASD in children
dont babble tend to play alone lack awareness of other children lack of empathy no imaginative play routine
suggestive features of ASD in adults
hard to pick up on cues difficulty with eye contact shy hard to fit in appear rude/blunt takes things very literally
what is sensory processing difficulty
any of the senses can be over/under stimulated
eg flavours too strong, overpowering smell, muddled noise, painful touch
what screening questionnaires can be used in ASD
3di
DISCO
what standardised assessment tool can be used in ASD
ADOS
what are essential criteria for ASD
symptoms present in early developmental period
causes significant impairment of functioning
not better explained by any other diagnosis
comorbidity is very high/low in ASD
very high
non pharmacological management of ASD
psychoeducation
S+LT
social skills training
family and school based support
pharmacological management of ASD
risperidone only for severe aggression
does nothing for core symptoms
