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Psychiatry > ADHD and ASD > Flashcards

ADHD and ASD Flashcards

1
Q

what does ADHD stand for

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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2
Q

what are the triad of difficulties in ADHD

A

inattentiveness
impulsivity
hyperactivity

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3
Q

what is ADHD

A

disorder of self regulation + inflexible adaptability

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4
Q

criteria for ADHD

A

developmentally inappropriate
impairing function
pervasive across all settings
longstanding from age 5

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5
Q

impact of ADHD on childhood

A 
parenting difficulties 
school difficulties 
home stress
barrier to learning 
constantly being in a healthcare environment
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6
Q

impact of ADHD on adulthood

A 
increased risk of psychiatric conditions 
criminality 
antisocial behaviour
substance misuse
criminality
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7
Q

causes of ADHD

A

genetic predisposition
perinatal precipitants
psychological adversity

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8
Q

what are genetic components in ADHD

A

FH, strong clustering

dopamine + 5HT transporter genes implicated

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9
Q

what are perinatal precipitants in ADHD

A

tobacco smoking, alcohol

significant prematurity and hypoxia

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10
Q

what are psychological adversities in ADHD

A 
inconsistent parenting 
low socioeconomic class 
large families 
criminality 
trauma
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11
Q

what do scans of the brain show in ADHD

A

under activity in a large portion of the brain

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12
Q

in ADHD, there is a high/low concentration of dopamine transporters and more/less dopamine

A

high conc of dopamine transporters

less dopamine

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13
Q

low dopamine causes children to increase in risk taking behaviours to seek reward in ADHD, true or false

A

true

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14
Q

in ADHD there are high/low levels of dopamine, 5HT, noradrenaline

A

low

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15
Q

what are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in a child

A

6 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and or hyperactivity + impulsivity
present before age of 5
reported by parents, school
disrupts daily life

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16
Q

what are the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in an adult

A

5 or more symptoms of inattentiveness and or hyperactivity + impulsivity
historical concerns since young age
underachieving
dangerous driving
difficulty establishing and maintaining relationships

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17
Q

methods of treatment for ADHD

A

psychosocial

pharmacological

18
Q

types of psychosocial therapy for ADHD

A

parent training
social skills training
sleep and diet

19
Q

list medications for ADHD

A

1st line - stimulants
2nd line - SNRIs
3rd line - a agonists
4th line - imipramine/risperidone

20
Q

function of stimulants in ADHD and some examples

A

increase dopamine levels

methylphenidate, dexamfetamine, lisdexamfetamine

21
Q

function of SNRIs in ADHD and some examples

A

increase NA and improve concentration

atomoxetine

22
Q

examples of a agonists in ADHD

A

clonidine

guanfacine

23
Q

risks of medications in ADHD

A

suppression of appetite

therefore monitor growth

24
Q

what are the core triad of features of autism spectrum disorder ASD

A 
impairment of:
social communication 
social interaction 
imagination/flexibility of thought 
(repetitive behaviours)
25
Q

features of impairment of social communication in ASD

A 
pedantic about language and grammar
americanised voice
monotonous
hard to grasp underlying meaning 
difficulty sharing thoughts and feelings
26
Q

features of impaired social interaction in ASD

A

self focussed

lack empathy

27
Q

features of impaired flexibility of thought in ASD

A

take things literally

dont understand metaphors

28
Q

features of repetitive behaviours in ASD

A

repetitive motor movements
insist on routine
ritualised behaviours are comforting
fixated interests

29
Q

who is more affected by ASD, boys or girls

A

boys

30
Q

what is the cause of ASD

A

multifactorial
genetics
environmental - teratogens
perinatal - foetal distress

31
Q

ASD is strongly heritable, true or false

A

true

32
Q

in ASD where is the neuroanatomy pathology

A

frontal lobe
amygdala
cerebellum

33
Q

which molecules are implicated in ASD

A

glutamate
GABA
5HT

34
Q

suggestive features of ASD in children

A 
dont babble 
tend to play alone 
lack awareness of other children 
lack of empathy 
no imaginative play 
routine
35
Q

suggestive features of ASD in adults

A 
hard to pick up on cues 
difficulty with eye contact 
shy 
hard to fit in 
appear rude/blunt 
takes things very literally
36
Q

what is sensory processing difficulty

A

any of the senses can be over/under stimulated

eg flavours too strong, overpowering smell, muddled noise, painful touch

37
Q

what screening questionnaires can be used in ASD

A

3di

DISCO

38
Q

what standardised assessment tool can be used in ASD

A

ADOS

39
Q

what are essential criteria for ASD

A

symptoms present in early developmental period
causes significant impairment of functioning
not better explained by any other diagnosis

40
Q

comorbidity is very high/low in ASD

A

very high

41
Q

non pharmacological management of ASD

A

psychoeducation
S+LT
social skills training
family and school based support

42
Q

pharmacological management of ASD

A

risperidone only for severe aggression

does nothing for core symptoms

Psychiatry (27 decks)

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