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PEDIA GROWTH AND DEVT > ACYANOTIC HEART DEFECTS > Flashcards

ACYANOTIC HEART DEFECTS Flashcards

VSD, ASD, PDA, COA, PS

1
Q

heart or circulatory anomalies that involve either a stricture to the flow of blood or
a shunt that moves blood from the arterial to the venous system (oxygenated to unoxygenated blood, or left-toright
shunts)

A

Acyanotic heart disorders

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2
Q

5 acyanotic heart defects

A
  • VSD: ventricular septal defect
  • ASD: atrial septal defect
  • PDA: patent ductus arteriosus
  • PS: Pulmonary stenosis
  • COA: coarctation of aorta
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3
Q

most common sign of acyanotic heart defects

A

Audible murmurs

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4
Q

ACYANOTIC HEART DEFECTS

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

A
  1. Audible murmurs
  2. Easy fatigability shown as brow sweating (during feeding or crying episodes)
  3. Hepatomegaly – due to backup of blood
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5
Q

ACYANOTIC HEART DEFECTS

COMPLICATIONS

A
  • Congestive Heart Failure most common complication
  • Respiratory distress manifested by: moist cough, diaphoresis, severe dyspnea
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6
Q

What is the direction of the shunt in most cases of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A

Left to right shunt.

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7
Q

What is the anatomical defect in a Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

An abnormal opening between the left and right ventricles.

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8
Q

What percentage of congenital heart defects (CHD) is accounted for by Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A

30%.

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9
Q

What happens to the right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary circulation in Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?

A

Overloading of the right ventricle and pulmonary circulation.

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10
Q

What complications can arise due to the increased pressure from VSD?

A

Pulmonary hypertension and respiratory failure.

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11
Q

What is the name of the syndrome that occurs when the shunt reverses from right to left due to pulmonary hypertension?

A

EISENMENGER SYNDROME

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12
Q

What is a potential outcome if pulmonary hypertension progresses in VSD patients?

A

Reverse shunt (right to left) may develop, leading to Eisenmenger syndrome.

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13
Q

An abnormal opening between the atria that causes increased flow of oxygenated blood into the right side of the heart.

A

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

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14
Q

What is the cause of an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)?

A

Failure of the atrial septum to close.

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15
Q

What are the three major types of ASD?

A

ASD 1 (Ostium primum): Opening at the lower end of the septum.
ASD 2 (Ostium secundum): Opening near the center of the septum.
ASD 3 (Sinus venosus defect): Opening near the junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the right atrium.

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16
Q

Which type of ASD is most likely to cause heart failure symptoms?

A

Ostium primum defect (ASD 1).

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17
Q

Where is the defect located in Ostium Secundum (ASD 2)?

A

Near the center of the septum.

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18
Q

What is the common location for the defect in Sinus Venosus ASD (ASD 3)?

A

Near the junction of the superior vena cava (SVC) and the right atrium.

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19
Q

ASD s/sx

A

H-O-L-E-S
* HF & Pulmo HTN
* Often Respi Infection
* Low Growth & Weight
* Extra Heart Sound
* Stroke

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20
Q

What heart sound is often associated with ASD?

A

Systolic ejection murmurs.

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21
Q

What is the surgical treatment option for ASD?

A

Surgical treatment: open repair with cardiopulmonary bypass before school age

mam jez lecture PLACEMENT OF PATCH same with VSD

22
Q

What important teaching should be provided to families regarding small ASD defects?

A

A: Small defects may spontaneously close, and regular follow-up is important.

23
Q

What is the non-surgical intervention for closing an ASD?

A

A: The defect can be closed using devices during a cardiac catheterization procedure.

24
Q

Why might surgical repair of ASD be preferred for some patients before they reach school age?
.

A

A: Surgical repair is often recommended to prevent long-term complications such as pulmonary hypertension

25
Q

What should be included in nursing education for families about post-surgical care for ASD repair?

A

Provide information on monitoring for signs of infection, activity restrictions, and follow-up appointments after open repair surgery.

26
Q

In patients with ASD, why should nurses be vigilant for signs of respiratory infections?

A

A: Frequent respiratory infections are common in ASD due to increased pulmonary blood flow, and they should be managed promptly to avoid complications.

H-heart failure & pulmonary HTN
O-often respi infection
L-low growth and weight
E-extra heart sound
S-stroke

27
Q

main cause of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

A

A: Failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close completely after birth.

28
Q

direction of abnormal blood flow in Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Blood flows from the aorta back to the pulmonary artery and lungs.

29
Q

How does PDA affect the left ventricle?

A

It increases the left ventricular workload.

30
Q

DOC that stimulates closure of ductus in
premature infants and some newborns

A

prostaglandin Synthetase inhibitors such as INDOMETHACIN

31
Q

What is a characteristic heart sound associated with PDA?

A

loud machine-like murmur.

Loud systolic murmur – VSD
Machinery like murmur – PDA

32
Q

What signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) might be seen in a child with PDA?

A

A: Poor feeding, fatigue, splenomegaly, poor weight gain, tachypnea, and irritability.

33
Q

DOC to close a Patent Ductus Arteriosus in premature infants or some newborns

A

INDOMETHACIN (prostaglandin inhibitors)

A: Ibuprofen or Indomethacin, which are prostaglandin inhibitors.

34
Q

What are s/sx of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?

A

1.Cardiac
2.Heart Failure
3.Continous Machine-like murmur
4.Wide pulse pressure
5.Endocarditis
6.Activity Intolerance
7.Lungs
8.Low weight

35
Q

What is a common non-surgical treatment option for PDA in premature infants?

A

A: Administration of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors to stimulate closure of the ductus.

36
Q

In PDA, does less than 5cm hole has effect?

A

naurr.

37
Q

Anatomical defect in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

A localized narrowing of the aorta

which can occur proximal to, at, or distal to the ductus arteriosus

38
Q

Characteristic blood pressure finding in patients with Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

A: Elevated upper-body blood pressure, leading to symptoms like headache and vertigo.

HTN @ upper extremities

39
Q

COA pathognomonic sign

A
  • Bounding radial pulse
  • Absent femoral pulse.
40
Q

What common symptoms might result from Coarctation of the Aorta affecting circulation?

A

A: Epistaxis (nosebleeds), headache, fainting, and lower leg cramps.

41
Q

What medical therapy is typically used to manage congestive heart failure symptoms in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

Digoxin and diuretics are used to reduce the severity of congestive heart failure caused by hypertension.

To reduce the severity of the
congestive heart failure from hypertension

42
Q

SURGICAL treatment- Coarctation of the Aorta

A

BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY

43
Q

What surgical procedure is performed to correct Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

END-TO-END ANASTOMOSIS

narrowed portion of the aorta is removed, and the two ends are anastomos

44
Q

What are some typical signs or symptoms related to the lower body in Coarctation of the Aorta?

A

A: Lower leg cramps and fainting due to decreased blood flow to the lower body.

45
Q

What is the main anatomical defect in Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary artery.

46
Q

What is the extreme form of Pulmonary Stenosis called, where no blood flows to the lungs?

A

A: Pulmonary atresia, where there is total fusion of the commissures.

47
Q

Common symptoms in newborns with severe Pulmonary Stenosis?

A
  • Cyanosis
  • signs of congestive heart failure (CHF).
48
Q

mild Pulmonary Stenosis present?

A

may be asymptomatic.

49
Q

surgical treatment - Pulmonary Stenosis

A
  • infant
    1. Valvuloplasty or TRANSVENTRICULAR VALVOTOMY
  • child
    1. PULMONARY VALVOTOMY
50
Q

What is the surgical treatment option for infants with Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Transventricular valvotomy

51
Q

What surgical procedure is commonly performed for** older children **with Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Pulmonary valvotomy

52
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis SURGICAL TREATMENT

A

SURGICAL TREATMENT
* In infants, transventricular valvotomy
* In children, pulmonary valvotomy

PEDIA GROWTH AND DEVT (15 decks)

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