Acute vision loss Flashcards
what is the first medium that light must pass through on its way to the retina?
tear film
what is the order of structures that light must pass through on its way to the retina?
- tear film
- cornea
- anterior chamber
- lens
- vitreous
what are common causes of corneal edema?
- increased intraocular pressure
- acute glaucoma
- acute onset
- severe ocular pain
- mid dilated fixed pupil
- blurred vision
- haloes around lights
- headache
- N/V
acute angle closure glaucoma
definition: hyphema
blood in the anterior chamber
term: blood in the anterior chamber
hyphema
what is the main cause of vitreous hemorrhage?
diabetic retinopathy
how is diagnosis made for vitreous hemorrhage?
dilated pupil
definition: macular degeneration
sudden visual loss or metamorphopsia from bleeding from a neovascular net
what is a hallmark of macular degeneration?
macular drusen
what is amaurosis fugax? what is the cause?
- temporarly arterial obstruction
- sudden transiet visual loss (totally black)
- monocular dimming of vision
occlusion / embolism of vessel (plaque), usually in the ophthamlmic artery
what tests would you do to evaluate for amaurosis fugax?
- carotid US
- echo
- holter monitor (for arrhythmias)
what is CRAO? what is the presentation? what is a hallmark feature?
- central retinal artery occlusion
- sudden, painless vision loss
- cherry red spot
what is the treatment for CRAO?
- digital massage
- glaucoma medications
- call ophthalmology
what is BRAO? what is the appearance?
- branch retinal artery occlusion
- variable vision and scotoma
“blood and thunder” appearance is characteristic of _________ and shows what features?
- central retinal vein occlusion
- disc swelling
- diffuse retinal hemorrhages
- venous engorgement
- cotton wool spots
what is a late complication of CRVO?
neovascular glaucoma
what are the etiologies of CRVO?
- HTN
- arteriosclerotic vascular disease
- DM
- glaucoma
- hyperviscosity syndromes
- smoking
what is a classic sign of optic neuritis?
RAPD
what are the two subgroups of optic neuritis?
- papillitis
- retrobulbar neuritis
what is papillitis?
- subgroup of optic neuritis involving optic nerve therefore swollen optic nerve (disc edema)
- relative afferent pupillary defect
what is the demographic and presentation for retrobulbar neuritis?
- young adult with monocular progressive loss of vision over hours to days
- pain on ocular movement
- unremarkable ophthalmoscopic exam
- poor vision, pain on EOM, positive RAPD
definition: papilledema
- disc swelling with increased intracranial pressure
how is the visual acuity in papilledema? pupillary reflexes
- good VA
- normal pupillary reflexes
