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Year 2 Ophthalmology > Acute vision loss > Flashcards

Acute vision loss Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first medium that light must pass through on its way to the retina?

A

tear film

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2
Q

what is the order of structures that light must pass through on its way to the retina?

A
  • tear film
  • cornea
  • anterior chamber
  • lens
  • vitreous
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3
Q

what are common causes of corneal edema?

A
  • increased intraocular pressure

- acute glaucoma

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4
Q
  • acute onset
  • severe ocular pain
  • mid dilated fixed pupil
  • blurred vision
  • haloes around lights
  • headache
  • N/V
A

acute angle closure glaucoma

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5
Q

definition: hyphema

A

blood in the anterior chamber

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6
Q

term: blood in the anterior chamber

A

hyphema

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7
Q

what is the main cause of vitreous hemorrhage?

A

diabetic retinopathy

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8
Q

how is diagnosis made for vitreous hemorrhage?

A

dilated pupil

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9
Q

definition: macular degeneration

A

sudden visual loss or metamorphopsia from bleeding from a neovascular net

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10
Q

what is a hallmark of macular degeneration?

A

macular drusen

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11
Q

what is amaurosis fugax? what is the cause?

A
  • temporarly arterial obstruction
  • sudden transiet visual loss (totally black)
  • monocular dimming of vision

occlusion / embolism of vessel (plaque), usually in the ophthamlmic artery

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12
Q

what tests would you do to evaluate for amaurosis fugax?

A
  • carotid US
  • echo
  • holter monitor (for arrhythmias)
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13
Q

what is CRAO? what is the presentation? what is a hallmark feature?

A
  • central retinal artery occlusion
  • sudden, painless vision loss
  • cherry red spot
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14
Q

what is the treatment for CRAO?

A
  • digital massage
  • glaucoma medications
  • call ophthalmology
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15
Q

what is BRAO? what is the appearance?

A
  • branch retinal artery occlusion

- variable vision and scotoma

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16
Q

“blood and thunder” appearance is characteristic of _________ and shows what features?

A
  • central retinal vein occlusion
  • disc swelling
  • diffuse retinal hemorrhages
  • venous engorgement
  • cotton wool spots
17
Q

what is a late complication of CRVO?

A

neovascular glaucoma

18
Q

what are the etiologies of CRVO?

A
  • HTN
  • arteriosclerotic vascular disease
  • DM
  • glaucoma
  • hyperviscosity syndromes
  • smoking
19
Q

what is a classic sign of optic neuritis?

A

RAPD

20
Q

what are the two subgroups of optic neuritis?

A
  • papillitis

- retrobulbar neuritis

21
Q

what is papillitis?

A
  • subgroup of optic neuritis involving optic nerve therefore swollen optic nerve (disc edema)
  • relative afferent pupillary defect
22
Q

what is the demographic and presentation for retrobulbar neuritis?

A
  • young adult with monocular progressive loss of vision over hours to days
  • pain on ocular movement
  • unremarkable ophthalmoscopic exam
  • poor vision, pain on EOM, positive RAPD
23
Q

definition: papilledema

A
  • disc swelling with increased intracranial pressure
24
Q

how is the visual acuity in papilledema? pupillary reflexes

A
  • good VA

- normal pupillary reflexes

25
Q

what is the etiology of papillitis?

A

inflammation

26
Q

what is the etiology of papilledema?

A

raised intracranial pressure

27
Q

how does vision differ between papillitis and papilledema?

A
  • papillitis: reduced vision

- papilledema: normal vision

28
Q

how does pupillary response differ between papillitis and papilledema?

A
  • papillitis: RAPD

- papilledema: normal

29
Q

what is the presentation for ischemic optic neuropathy?

A
  • sudden monocular loss of vision
  • cephalalgia, scalp tenderness
  • jaw claudication
  • malaise, weight loss, low grade fever
  • arthralgias (PMR) limb girdle pain
30
Q

what are the signs of arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy?

A
  • RAPD
  • pale swollen optic nerve
  • altitudinal VF defect
31
Q

what test is ordered stat for arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy?

A

ESR

32
Q

what is the ESR in arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy?

A

elevated

33
Q

what is the treatment for arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy?

A

steroids

34
Q

what are the symptoms of giant cell arteritis?

A
  • headache
  • scalp tenderness
  • jaw claudication
  • polymyalgia rheumatica

Year 2 Ophthalmology (14 decks)

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