Acute Inflammation

Question 1

Define acute inflammation

Answer 1

A series or protective changes occurring in living tissues in a response to injury

Question 2

What are the cardinal signs or inflammation?

Answer 2

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumour - swelling 
Dolor - pain
Loss of function

Question 3

What are the causes of acute inflammation?

Answer 3

Microorganisims 
Injury 
Chemical 
Heat, Cold 
Ionising radiation 
Necrosis 
Hypersensitivity

Question 4

What is the microcirculation?

Answer 4

extracellular space filled with fluid and lymphatic drainage

Question 5

Describe the pathogenesis of acute inflammation

Answer 5

Change in vessel radius
change in vessel permeability
Movement of neutrophils

Question 6

Describe the local changes of vessel radius in acute inflammation

Answer 6

Transient constriction
Local dilation
Relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

Question 7

What are the effects of exudation?

Answer 7

Odeama
swelling
swelling causes pain

Question 8

What are the phases of neutrophil emigration?

Answer 8

Margination - neutrophils move to endothelial aspect of lumen
Pavementing - neutrophils adhere to endothelium
Emigration - neutrphils squeeze between endothelial cells to extravascular tissues

Question 9

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

Answer 9

Rapid response to non-specific insult

cardinal signs provide protection to inflamed area

Question 10

What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

Resolution
Suppuration
Organisation
Chronic inflammation

Question 11

What are the functions of neutrophils

Answer 11

Recognise foreign antigen
Move towards it - chemotaxis
adhear to organism
phagocytoe and destroy foreign antigen

Question 12

What are the consequences of neutrophlic action?

Answer 12

Die after granule contents released
Produce a mixture of fluid, cells, organism - pus
Pus may extend into other tissues

Question 13

What are the two plasma proteins involved in inflammation?

Answer 13

Fibrinogen

Imminoglobulins

Question 14

What are the roles of plasma proteins in inflammation?

Answer 14

Fibrinogen is a coagulation factor wich forms fibrin and clots
Immunoglobulins are part of the humoral immune response

Question 15

What are the mediators of acute inflammation?

Answer 15

Molecules on endothelial cell surface membranes
Molecules released from cells
Molecules in the plasma

Question 16

What are the collective effect of mediators?

Answer 16

Vasodilation 
INcreaed permeability 
Neutrophil adhesion 
chemotaxis 
itch and pain

Question 17

Why are cell surface mediators sticky?

Answer 17

adhesion molecules appear on endothelial cells to help neutrophils stick
P-selectin interacts wih neutrophil surface

Question 18

What are the immediate systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 18

Pyrexia
General feeling unwell
Increased white cell count

Question 19

What are long term effects of inflammation?

Answer 19

Weight loss
Anemia
Lymphadenopathy

Question 20

What is suppuration?

Answer 20

Formation of pus

Question 21

Define a abscess

Answer 21

A collection of pus under pressure

Question 22

What surrounds a abscess?

Answer 22

Ingrowth of granulation tissue?

Question 23

What is a multiloculated abscess?

Answer 23

When a abscess filled with pus bursts through to the surrounding tissues

Question 24

What is empyema?

Answer 24

Pus in a hollow viscus

Question 25

What is pyaemia?

Answer 25

Pus discharge to the bloodstream