Acute Coronary Syndromes and Acute myocardial Infarction - Presentation And Investigation Flashcards
What are the different incidences of caridac chest pain?
New excertional angina?
Unstable angina?
Acute MI?
Sudden Cardiac Death?
New exertional angina - 52%
Unstable angina - 13%
Acute MI - 22%
Sudden cardiac death - 13%
What is Stable Angina defined as?
Myocardial blood flow does not meet demand - ischaemia
Central chest tightness, often radiation to neck and/ or arms.
Aggravated by exertion & stress.
Relief by stopping activity & rapid improvement with sublingual nitrate.
What are the different acute coronary syndromes?
Unstable angina
NSTEMI- Non-ST-segment elevation MI
STEMI
How does atherothrombosis formation (the pathogenesis of all acute coronary syndromes) occur?
Plaque disruption
Why do plaques rupture?
Inflammation and sheer stress
What is the main difference between acute coronary syndromes and ACS?
ACS symptoms will almost always give symptoms at rest in contrast to stable angina which is only on exertion.
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndromes?
Age, gender, creed, family history & genetic factors.
Previous angina, cardiac events or interventions.
What are the modifiable risk factors for Acute Coronary Syndromes?
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperlipidaemia
Hypertension
Lifestyle- exercise & diet
What is a typical history of unstable angina Pectoris (UAP)?
Angina on effort
Progressive increasing severity and frequency
Often provoked by less exertion and/or then at rest
What is a typical history for those with NSTEMI?
More often start with myocardial ischaemic symptoms occurring at rest.
What is the pain like in acute coronary syndromes?
Site - retrosternal
Character - often tight band/pressure/heaviness
Radiation - neck and/or into jaw, down arms
Aggravating factors - with exertion, emotional stress
Relieving factors: relieving factors e.g. incomplete improvement with GTN, or physical rest; and/or ongoing
What must you ensure to check for on examination for unstable angina and NSTEMI?
HR, BP
Listen for murmurs, crackles in chest
May look very unwell
May look completely fine
Often no specific features to find
What are the possible investigations for unstable angina and NSTEMI?
Electrocardiogram and Biomarkers
What are common results of ECG in UAP and NSTEMI?
Often normal ECG results
Commonly ST-segment depression, transient ST-segment elevation and/or T-wave inversion
More often in UAP changes resolve after pain, and in NSTEMI they tend to persist (but not always);
serial ECGs to detect delayed changes essential
Why is the difference in infarction between STEMI and NSTEMI?
STEMI - transmural
NSTEMI - sub endocardial infarct
How do you differentiate between NSTEMI and unstable angina?
Biomarkers - troponin and CKMB
Here is why there is a rise in ST segment in STEMI
Rise in ST segment because:
Infarcted tissue loses the ability to maintain resting potential of -90mv. Sodium potassium pumps no longer work, so it is partially depolarised. Normally true baseline of an ECG is zero because there is no difference in voltage. However the positve vector of depolarisation travels away from the electrode - negative deflection of baseline – so it shifts lower. ST segment now appears elevated because the ST segment is where there is complete depolarisation – so the ST segment is on the true baseline. In comparison to original baseline, ST segment is higher up.
Here is why there is ST depression in NSTEMI
NSTEMI – depolarisation vector travels towards the detector, shift of baseline upwards. ST segment refers to the point where there is complete depolarisation. ST segment now appears lower. ST segment returns to normal because of fibrosis. Fibrotic tissue doesn’t have the ionic leakage of necrotic tissue.
When is there likely going to be an atypical ACS presentation?
In women; the elderly or diabetics, influenced by reduced pain sensation.
What are the symptoms of angina and NSTEMI?
Breathlessness alone +/- signs of heart failure
Nausea & vomiting +/- other autonomic symptoms
Epigastric pain +/- recent onset indigestion
What does elevated cTn (cardiac troponin) suggest?
High risk of adverse events
Beware, not all troponin elevations are a ACS and caused by atherothrombosis
What does elevation of cardiac troponin indicate?
Elevated with compromise of myocyte integrity.
Sensitive and specific marker of cardiac myocyte damage
What do the levels of biomarkers indicate?
Characteristic rise and fall of cTn with ischaemic damage
Different pattern for acute myocardial infarction to unstable angina pectoris
What is the immediate treatment for UAP and NSTEMI?
First ABCDE approach, then MONA
Morphine (or diamorphine)
Oxygen
Nitroglycerine (GTN spray or tablet)
Aspirin 300 mg orally (crush/chew)
What does antiplatelet therapy for UAP and NSTEMI event consist of?
Usually dual anti-platelet therapy (Aspirin & ADP receptor blocker) for one year following ACS event (look at McClays pharmacology treatment of ACS and AMI for further details)