Acid base imbalances Flashcards
what is full compensation
when the pH is normal
what factors can cause CO2 retention
- respiratory depression
- fluid in lungs
- emboli
- bronchil spasm(asthma)
- COPD
s/s of respiratory acidosis
- decreased LOC
- drowsy - hypotension
- headache
- low RR
Interventions for respiratory acidosis
- start O2
2. monitor for hyperkalemia
causes of respiratory alkalosis
TACHYPNEA
- Temperature high (fever)
- increase in metabolism leads to increase in RR - Aspirin toxicity (causes hyperventilation)
- Controlled mech ventilation
- Hyperventilation
- hYesteria/aka anxiety attack
- pain
- pregnancy
signs of respiratory alkalosis
- hyperventilation
- tired from breathing so much
- increased HR
- tetany
- muscle cramps
- chvotskis sign
what electrolyte imbalances does respiratory alkalosis cause
hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
interventions for respiratory alkalosis
1.breath into paper bag
2.check electrolyte levels
3.
causes of metabolic alkalosis
ALKALI
- high Aldosterone causing RAAS leading to sodium retention and hydrogen + potassium excretion
- Loop diuretics or thiazide cause you to lose H+ ions
- eating to much alKalosis foods(bicarb, antacids,milk)
- the Anticoagulant called citrate (acts as bicarb) which is used to store blood and is dialysis so when you’re giving a patient a blood transfusion theyre are risk for MA
- Loss of fluids (vomiting, NG suction)
what happens when you lose hydrogen ions
you also lose potassium ions
s/s metabolic alkalosis
- caused by hypokalemia
2. bradypnea
interventions metabolic alkalosis
treat cause
which diuretic would you give for metabolic alkalosis
Diamox because it reduces the reabsorption of HCO3 but does waste potassium so check potassium level before giving.
key concepts for metabolic acidosis
- ketones are acids
- kidneys filter acid and make bicarb
- diarrhea contains bicarb
- Kussmaul respirations (rapid and deep) is a compensatory mechanism for MA
what is the anion gap
the difference between anions and cations normally 10-14.
what causes a high anion gap in metabolic acidosis
to much acid production with decreased bicarb production
what causes a normal anion gap in metabolic acidosis
body is losing to much bicarb (diarrhea)
causes of metabolic acidosis
ACIDOTIC
- Aspirin toxicity(high anion gap) you add acid and hyperventilate causing bicarb to go down.
- carbs not broken down(high anion gap) due to lack of O2 therefore pyruvic acid gets converted to lactic acid.
- Insuffiency of kidney(high anion gap)
- Diarrhea(normal anion gap)
- Ostomy drainage, especially ileostomy(normal anion gap)
- fisTula
- intake of to many fats
- Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors such as Diamox
s/s of metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul breathing
- weak
- decreased LOC
- decreased BP
- hyperkalemia
- n/v
