Abolitionists

Question 1

Who condemned slavery in the late 18th century?

Answer 1

Quakers + some Protestants
- Morally evil
- Contradicted liberty and enlightenment ideologies

Question 2

When did Congress pass ordinance that kept slavery out of North-west territories?

Answer 2

1787

Question 3

1790: bales of cotton produced
1830s: bales of cotton produced

Answer 3

9000
2 million bales

Question 4

Who created the cotton engine (gin) in 1793

Answer 4

Whitney

Question 5

Where was cotton grown?

Answer 5

• Kentucky
• Tennessee
• Alabama
• Mississippi
• Arkansas
• Texas

Question 6

Growth of slavery in the south?

Answer 6

• 1787 Founding Fathers realised they couldn’t mess
• Slaves represented as 3/5th person
• Haiti in 1790s revolt. Whites massacred.

Question 7

Peculiar institution

Answer 7

How southerners referred to slavery

Question 8

Evangelical

Answer 8

Having passionate belief in Christianity and a desire to share it.

Question 9

Type of emancipation from 1900-30?

Answer 9

Gradual emancipation
- Slaves should be encouraged to return to Africa
- 1822 USA purchased Liberia (west coast of Africa) as a base to return ex-slaves

Question 10

How many African Americans had returned to Africa by 1860?

Answer 10

10,000
(Slave population in America increased by 2 million)

Question 11

Who launched The Liberator in 1831?

Answer 11

William Lloyd Garrison

Question 12

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 12

Leading abolitionist from 1831-70s.
No motion of how to abolish slavery.
Critics viewed him as a self-righteous bigot.

Question 13

National Anti-Slavery Society:

Answer 13

Founded 1833
250,000 members in 1838.
- Wealthy and educated members
- The Liberator + petitions.
Members:
- Frederick Douglass

Question 14

How did congress combat National Anti-Slavery Society petitions?

Answer 14

‘Gag rule’ 1836

Question 15

When was slavery abolished in British colonies?

Answer 15

1833

Question 16

Which division of Protestantism caused the Second Great Awakening?

Answer 16

Evangelical Protestantism
- Slavery as a sin

Question 17

Frederick Douglass important moments:

Answer 17

• 1841= Gave his first speech at the Anti-Slavery Society in Massachusetts.
• 1845 = Published Narrative of his life
• 1847 = Founded North Star (paper)
• 1859 = Refused to join Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry
  ‘I appear this evening as a thief and robber. I stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master and ran off with them.’

Question 18

Why was abolitionism not prominent in the North?

Answer 18

De Tocqueville commented: ‘The prejudice of race appears to be stronger in the states that have abolished slavery than in those where it still exists.’

Question 19

Proof that North was against Anti-Slavery Society?

Answer 19

Elijah Lovejoy, a Presbyterian minister and newspaper editor, became first abolitionist martyr when he was murdered by a mob in Illinois.

Question 20

Abolitionist party?

Answer 20

Liberty Party
- 1840 won 7000 votes.
- Couldn’t agree on policy / strategy. This resulted in major schism in the Anti-Slavery Society in 1840.

Question 21

Nat Turner

Answer 21

Virginian slave with literacy and carpentry skills. Led the bloodiest slave rebellion in US history in 1831. 55 whites (mainly women and children) were killed.

Question 22

Punishment for circulating ‘incendiary’ literature among slaves in southern states?

Answer 22

Death

Question 23

Population of slaves in south in 1860 compared to white settlers?

Answer 23

• 4 million slaves
• 8 million whites
  Slaves outnumbered whites in South Carolina.

Question 24

How many people owned slaves in the south?

Answer 24

1850: 1/3 families
1860: 1/4 families due to high prices

Question 25

Number of slaves owned by slaveholders?

Answer 25

1860: 50% had no more than 5 The other 50% lived on plantations with over 20. Most slaves owned by 10,000 families (concentrated)

Question 26

Work of slaves:

Answer 26

55% worked on cotton plantations. 10% worked on tobacco plantations. 10% worked on sugar/rice/hemp plantations 15% domestic servants. 10% worked in towns or industry

Question 27

No. free black people in South in 1860?

Answer 27

250,000 - Mixed race and given freedom by fathers Had to carry documentation proving they were free at all times. No political rights and legal status. Jobs limited.

Question 28

No. free black people in north 1960?

Answer 28

200,000 - Had worst jobs and were segregated. Only 3 states allowed blacks to vote in 1860. 1861 had more rights than at any time in previous 30 years.

Question 29

Who published 'The Impending Crisis of the South'?

Answer 29

Hilton Helper 1857 - Argued that slavery was responsible for the south's economic decline. - Phillips argues the same

Question 30

Who argues that slavery was efficient for southern economy?

Answer 30

- Kenneth Stampp

Question 31

Increase in per capita income in south?

Answer 31

Exceeded elsewhere in the country between 1840 - 60.

Question 32

Arguments of Fogel and Engerman?

Answer 32

Slavery was 35% more efficient than small-scale farming Plantation owners were 'rational' and using resources

Question 33

How does Phillips describe relationships between slaves and slave holders?

Answer 33

'gentleness, kind-hearted friendship and mutual loyalty.' - Many had half days on saturday - Floggings were rare - Slaves who worked were given better clothing / food / holidays. - 1860 slaves had the same life expectancy as whites - Slave suicides rare.

Question 34

Stampp - 'The Peculiar Institution'

Answer 34

1956: 'a troublesome property'

Question 35

Downsides to slavery:

Answer 35

- Sexual exploitation, punishment, separated from families. - Slaves worked in gangs, overseen by black driver and white overseer. Both used whip. - Poor food = vitamin deficiencies - Log cabins overcrowded. - 1/4 of slave marriages broken by separation. - Mary Chesnut (South Carolina) = 'our men live all in one house with their wives and concubines' - Manumission was rare. 1860 most southern states had restricted this right.