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IHBB > ABO Blood Groups > Flashcards

ABO Blood Groups Flashcards

1
Q

ABO Allele Theories - Bernstein

A

3 Allele Theory

A - AA, AO
B - BB, BO
AB - AB
O - OO

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2
Q

ABO Allele Theories -Thompson

A

4 Allele Theory

A1 - A1A1, A1,O, A1A2
A2 - A2A2, A2O
A1B - A1B
A2B - A2B

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3
Q

ABO Phenotype in Asians

A - ___%
B - ___%
AB - ___%
O - ___%

A

**ABO Phenotype in Asians

A - 28%
B - 26%
AB - 5%
O - 41%

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4
Q

Attachment of precursor substance

A

Ceramide

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5
Q

Precursor substance

A

Paragloboside/Glycan

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6
Q

Composition of Precursor Substance

A

Glucose - D Galactose - N acetylglucosamine - D Galactose

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7
Q

Precursor Structure

A

H antigen

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8
Q

Coding of ABO Genes

A

Long arm of Chromosome 9

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9
Q

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in RBCs

Type:
Linkage:
Controlling genes:

A

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in RBCs

Type: Type 2
Linkage: B linkage 1,4
Controlling genes: H, A, B

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10
Q

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in Plasma/Proteins

Type:
Linkage:
Controlling genes:

A

Precursor Oligosaccharide Chains in Plasma/Proteins

Type: Type 1
Linkage: Beta linkage 1,3
Controlling genes: H, Se, Lewis, A, B

Secreted substances are secreted by GLYCOPROTEINS

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11
Q

Dominant Sugars - Type A

A

N-acetylgalactosamine

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12
Q

Dominant Sugars - Type B

A

D-Galactose

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13
Q

Dominant Sugars - H gene

A

L-fucose

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14
Q

Amorph Gene

A

O gene

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15
Q

H antigen

No. of Subtypes:
Subtypes:

A

H antigen

No. of Subtypes: 4 subtypes
Subtypes: H1, H2, H3, H4

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16
Q

Amounts of H antigen

A

O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B

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17
Q

ABO Antibodies

Group O

A

Anti-A (IgM)
Anti-B (IgM)
Anti-A,B (IgG - predominant)

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18
Q

ABO Typing Principle

A

Hemagglutination

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19
Q

Forward Typing (ABO)

Specimen:
Reagent:

A

Forward Typing (ABO)

Specimen: 1 drop RBC suspension (2-5%)
Reagent: 2 drops Anti-sera

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20
Q

Use of Anti-A,B reagent

A
  1. Check anti-A, and anti-B reagents reactions.
  2. Detect weak subgroups
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21
Q

Test for Determination of Secretor Status

A

Hemagglutination Inhibition

Positive Reaction: No agglutination

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22
Q

Color Characteristic of ABO Reagents

Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-A,B

A

Color Characteristic of ABO Reagents

Anti-A - Blue
Anti-B - Yellow
Anti-A,B - Colorless

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23
Q

Lectins - Ulex Uropaeus

A

Anti-H

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24
Q

Lectins - Dolichos bilflorus

A

Anti-A1

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25
Q

Lectins - Griffonia simplicifolia

A

Anti-B

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26
Q

Grading of agglutination reactions:

Forward: ______
Reverse: ______

A

Grading of agglutination reactions:

Forward: 3+ - 4+
Reverse: 2+ - 4+

Any reactions weaker than the standard agglutination is a DISCREPANCY

*General rule: Always drop clear solutions first and RBCs second to make

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27
Q

One solid aggregate, Clear background

A

4+

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28
Q

Several Large aggregate, Clear background

A

3+

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29
Q

Medium size aggregates, Clear background

A

2+

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30
Q

Small agglutinates, Turbid background

A

1+

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31
Q

Tiny agglutinates, Turbid background

A

w+

32
Q

No agglutination/Hemolysis

A

0+

33
Q

Bombay Phenotype

A

Type O

34
Q

Bombay Genotype

A

hh/Hnull

35
Q

Confirms Bombay Phenotype

A

Ulex uropaeus - Anti-H

36
Q

Para-bombay Phenotype

A

A bombay phenotype with normal expression of Secretions: hh Sese

37
Q

A Subgroups

A

A1
A2

38
Q

No. of antigens in A1

A

2 antigens: A, A1

39
Q

No. of antigens in A2

A

1 antigens: A

40
Q

Population Frequency

A1: ___%
A2: ___%

A

Population Frequency

A1: 80%
A2: 20%

41
Q

Use to differentiate A1 and A2 subgroup

A

Anti-H
Anti-A1 lectin (Dolichos biflorus)

42
Q

Group A subgroup that forms anti-A1

A

Subgroup A2

43
Q

Forms anti-A1

A2: ___%
A2B: ___%

A

Forms anti-A1

A2: 1-8%
A2B: 22-35%

44
Q

Other A subgroups upon RBC reactions with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B:

Weak agglutination:
No agglutination:

A

Other A subgroups upon RBC reactions with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B:

Weak agglutination: A3, Ax, Aend
No agglutination: Am, Ay, Ael

45
Q

Test to perform after no agglutination in RBC reaction with Anti-A, and Anti-A,B to detect other subgroups.

A

Adsorption and Elution Test

46
Q

A3

A

mf agglutination

47
Q

Ax

A

w+ agglutination with anti-A,B only

48
Q

Aend

A

<10% rbc show mf agglutination

49
Q

Am

A

Quantities of A substance in saliva

50
Q

Ay

A

Small quantities of A substance in saliva

51
Q

Ael

A

Secretors contain H substance only
No A substance in saliva

52
Q

B3

A

mf agglutination

53
Q

Bx

A

Agglutination with Anti-A,B
Weak agglutination or 0+ with anti-B

54
Q

Most common Technical Error in ABO Discrepancies

A

Clerical errors

55
Q

Group 1 Discrepancies

A

Weak/Missing ANTIBODIES

56
Q

Group II Discrepancies

A

Weak/Missing ANTIGENS

57
Q

Group III Discrepancies

A

Increase Plasma Proteins resulting to Rouleau Formation

58
Q

Group IV Discrepancies

A

Abnormal antigens (extra antigens) and presence of autoantibodies or alloantibodies both in F/R typing

59
Q

Identify Discrepancy

Patient cells: Anti-A, neg Anti-B, 4+
Patient serum: A1 cells, neg B cells, neg

A

Group I Discrepancy

60
Q

Causes of Group 1 Discrepancy

A

Newborn
Elderly
ABO subgroups
Immunodeficiency

61
Q

Identify the discrepancy:

Anti-A 4+, anti-B 1+
A1 cells neg, B cells 4+

A

Group II Discrepancy: Acquired B Phenomenon

62
Q

Causes of Group II Discrepancy

A

Acquired B phenomenon
Leukemia
Hodgkin’s disease
Subgroups A or B

63
Q

Group with presence Acquired B phenomenon

A

Group A

64
Q

Acquired B phenomenon

Phenotype:
- Forward:
- Reverse:

A

Acquired B phenomenon

Phenotype:
- Forward: AB
- Reverse: A

65
Q

Mechanism of Acquired B Phenomenon

A

Modification of N-acetylgalactosamine by bacterial enzyme “deacetylase” removing acetylgalactosamine and converting to D-galactosamine that is similar to B antigen which cross-react with anti-B antisera

66
Q

Remedy of Acquired B phenomenon

A

Use Monoclonal Ab (ES4)
Treat RBCs with Acetic Anhydride

67
Q

Workup for Group I and Group II Discrepancies

A

Incubate Serum with A1 and B cells at RT (15-30 minutes) > No Reaction (ALL NEGATIVE) > Incubate at 4C

68
Q

Identify the Discrepancy?

anti-a: 4+ anti-b: 2+
a1cells: 2+ b cells:4+

A

Group III Discrepancy

69
Q

Causes of Group III discrepancy

A

High Globulins, Fibrinogen
Plasma Expanders
Wharton’s Jelly in Cord Blood

70
Q

Remedy - Group III Discrepancy

A

Saline Replacement Technique

71
Q

Causes of Group IV Discrepancy

A

Polyagglutination
Cold Reactive autoantibodies
Cis AB Phenotype
Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins

72
Q

Polyagglutination: T activation, Tn, and HEMPAS

A

Nonspecific agglutination of RBcs with all anti-sera due to altered RBCs from bacterial enzymes that exposes antigens that are normally hidden.

73
Q

Confirmation of Polyagglutination

A
  1. Agglutination with most ALL ADULT SERA
  2. NO agglutination in CORD SERA
74
Q

Remedy for Group IV - Cold Reactive Autoantibodies

Case: All forward and reverse ABO results as well as the autocontrol are positive

A

RBC sample
1. Incubate for 37C
2. Wash with warm saline
3. Retype

Serum sample - PREWARMING Technique
1. Warm at 37C
2. Read
3. if NEG > Cold autoadsorption

75
Q

Cis AB Phenotype

anti-A: w+
anti-B: w+

A

Inheritance of an AB Mother and O Father.

Genotype: A, B, O
Phenotype - AB

IHBB (11 decks)

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