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Psychology > Abnormality - Therapies > Flashcards

Abnormality - Therapies Flashcards

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1
Q

List the two biological treatments for abnormality

A

Drug therapy

ECT

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2
Q

What is the rationale for drug treatment?

A

A chemical imbalance is at the root of abnormal behaviour

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3
Q

What is the aim of drug treatment?

A

To restore the chemical imbalance

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4
Q

List the 3 types of drugs used to treat abnormal behaviour

A

Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Anxiolytics

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5
Q

What is the rationale for antidepressants?

A

Decreased availability of serotonin in the brain leads to depression

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6
Q

What is the aim of antidepressants?

A

To increase the availability of serotonin in the brain

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7
Q

Name one type of antidepressant

A

Tricyclics

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8
Q

How to tricyclics work?

A

By blocking the reuptake of noradrenalin and serotonin into the presynaptic membrane so more is available.

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9
Q

What is the rationale for antipsychotics?

A

Too much dopamine activity leads to schizophrenia

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10
Q

How to antipsychotics work?

A

By blocking the receptors in the synapse that absorb dopamine

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11
Q

Name an antipsychotic drug and state how it works

A

Chlorpromazine

Acts by blocking dopamine receptors

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12
Q

Explain the treatment ECT

A

Passing a small electric current through the brain causing the equivalent of a seizure (in epilepsy) with violent electrical discharges in the brain and behavioural convulsions.

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13
Q

How is it thought that ECT works?

A

It is likely that the electrical discharge will have an effect on the activity of a number of brain neurotransmitters

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14
Q

How effective is Chlorpromazine in treating schizophrenia? (positive)

A

Reduces symptoms such as hallucinations and dellusions, loss of insight and contact with reality

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15
Q

What percentage of people are drugs for schizophrenia effective for?

A

50-60%

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16
Q

Give a statistic regardng the effectivness of supressing symptoms with drugs for schizophrenia

A

Symptoms return in 80% of those coming off drugs

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17
Q

Give a statistic regarding the effectivness of drugs in treating depression

A

Only 60-70% respond and 30% to the placebo effect

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18
Q

What do drugs target and what don’t they change?

A

They target biological changes associated with depression and do not change life events

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19
Q

Give a side effect of Chlorpromazine

A

Movement disorders resembling Parkinson’s disease

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20
Q

Give a side effect of Clozapine

A

Lowers numbers of white blood cells

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21
Q

Give a side effect of SSRI’s

A

Associated with outbursts of violence and suicide

22
Q

How do newer antipsychotics differ from old ones

A

They have fewer side effects

23
Q

Give a positive point on drugs regarding ethics

A

More humane/ethical than previous biological treatments, e.g frontal lobotomy

24
Q

Explain the ethical issues revolved around using drugs

A

Patients often can’t refuse treatment in mental institutions (debate over whether they are used to alleviate patients or make them become more compliant)
Issue of informed consent - Extend to which those with hallucinations ect. can give this

25
Q

What did Sackheim find about ECT?

A

Works quicker than drugs and good for short term results

26
Q

What were the statistics concluded from Sackheim’s study into ECT?

A

60-70% of patients show improvements

60% will go back to depression within a year

27
Q

Name and state the results of a study into ECT

A

Buchan
Followed patients of ECT up at 4 weeks and 6 months.
ECT only effective for depressed patients who also had physical retardation or delusions for 4 weeks, but no difference at 6 months.

28
Q

When is ECT seen as appropriate?

A

When severely depressed people are resistant to other therapies and are at risk of suicide

29
Q

What are the side effects of ECT?

A 
Bone fractures (without muscle relaxants) and memory loss
Debate regarding the cognitive and emotional impairments after treatment
30
Q

What are the ethical issues regarding ECT?

A

Seen as abusive.

It is prohibited if the patient is capable of making their own decisions and refuses treatment

31
Q

What are psychodynamic treatments?

A
  • Dream therapy

- Free association

32
Q

What is the basis for psychodynamic treatments?

A

Intended to give a patient and insight into their unconscious mind so that they can come to grips with the root of the problems and address them.

33
Q

What is free association?

A

The patient is encouraged to talk openly and at length without interruption. Freud believed that this showed associations between thoughts that are caused by unconscious forces. The job of the analyst is to unravel and interpret these connections and bring unconscious thoughts into the conscious mind. Freud believed that pauses and embarrassed laughs gave clues to areas that were causing problems.

34
Q

Name and state the results of a study into the effectiveness of psychodynamic treatment

A

Bergin

in a huge study of 10,000 patients found that 80% of patients found the treatment beneficial

35
Q

What are weaknesses of psychodynamic therapies?

A
  • false memory syndrome
  • could lead to memories being ‘implanted’ by therapies
  • expensive and time consuming
36
Q

Name the therapies for the behavioural approach

A
  • Systematic desensitisation

- Flooding

37
Q

What are the stages of systematic desensitisation?

A

1) RELAXATION: patient is taught muscle relaxation techniques and breathing exercises
2) They create a fear HIERARCHY

3) Work their way up the hierarchy, using the techniques learnt at each stage before moving on.
(can be in vivo - visual - or in vivo - in reality)

38
Q

What is the rationale for psychoanalysis?

A

That child experiences are the root of anxiety and depression, where the adult is protected from these conflicts at a conscious level as they are pushed into the unconscious mind

39
Q

What is the aim for psychoanalysis?

A

To bring this repressed material into conscious awareness

40
Q

What is dream analysis?

A

Based on the idea that the symbolic imagery of dreams was a reflection of unconscious material which can be analysed to reveal repressed content. The therapist uses their understanding of how dreams work operates to interpret the symbolism, gradually emerging themes, which the client can work through with the therapist in order to resolve the source of their anxieties.

41
Q

What is the model behind dream analysis?

A

Laten content (what the dream really means) is converted in the dreamwork to produce manifest content, which we remember when we wake up.

42
Q

Name and explain a study against psychoanalysis

A

Eysenck
Reviewed studies and outcomes concluding there was no evidence it worked. But he included studies selectively to prove his argument.

43
Q

Name and explain a study in support of psychoanalysis

A

Liechsenning and Leibing
Looked at 24 studies looking at psychoanalysis or not.
Found that 23 out of the 24 showed psychoanalysis to be as effective as other therapies.

44
Q

What is the rationale for systematic desensitisation?

A

Maladaptive behaviour is learned through classical conditioning, so it can unlearned through the same process

45
Q

What are 3 weaknesses of systematic desensitisation?

A
  • Relies on patient’s ability to imagine vividly the feared situation (some unable to do this)
  • symptom substitution (phobias are arguably just symptoms of underlying conditions, and will return even if temporarily removed)
  • Therapies such as flooding (going straight to the feared situation/object where escape is prevented) have quicker results
46
Q

What is the rationale for cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

Thoughts influence our emotions and behaviour. Negative and irrational thoughts will therefore lead to maladaptive behaviour

47
Q

What is the aim of cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

To challenge irrational and dysfunctional beliefs and replace them with positive ones

48
Q

Name and explain a study in support of CBT

A 
Butler
Did a meta analysis of 10,000 patients and found that CBT was effective in treating:
-anxiety
-depression
-phobias
-post traumatic stress disorder
49
Q

state 2 positive and 1 negative point about CBT

A

+: Used for a variety of disorders
+: allows an equal client/therapist relationship (unlike psychoanalysis where power is with therapist)

-: Cannot treat psychotic conditions on their own, only in conjunction with drugs etc

50
Q

What is involved in CBT?

A

DEF format

  • after ABC (identifying irrational beliefs):
  • D: disputing irrational beliefs
  • E: new Effects wished to be achieved (new thoughts)
  • F: Further action (real life etc)

behavioural part: use of ‘homework’ to practice disputing the thoughts

Psychology (21 decks)

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