Abdominal Viscera

Question 1

Peritoneum

Answer 1

Thin, transparent serous membrane that consist of two layers

Parietal peritoneum- lines abdominal wall
Visceral peritoneum - lines visceral organs

Space between is lined with Sarah’s fluid to allow movement without friction between the wall in the organs or between organs

Not all organs are covered by the peritoneum

Question 2

Mesentery

Answer 2

Double layer of the peritoneum that encloses the abdominal organs

Provides a means of neurovascular communication and organ attachment to the posterior abdominal wall- example is a tissue connecting the small intestine

Contained with the fibrous tissue of the mesentery are blood and lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue

Question 3

Omentum

Answer 3

Double layer of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to the body wall or other abdominal organs

Greater omentum- fat laden fold of the peritoneum that connects the stomach with a transverse colon

Lesser omentum- connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to liver

Question 4

Abdominal cavity, location, and contents

Answer 4

Located superior to the pelvic inlet and limited superiorly by the thoracic diaphragm

Contains the peritoneum and abdominal viscera

Question 5

Esophagus

Answer 5

Muscular tube that extends from pharynx to the stomach 25 cm

Function- Transportation of food from oral cavity to stomach

Passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm to enter into the abdominal cavity

Peristaltic action creates rapid food movement in the oral cavity to the stomach

Question 6

Stomach

Answer 6

Expandable part of the digestive track the last between the esophagus and small intestine

Function is to provide enzymatic digestion of food converting solid food into a liquid mixture, called chyme

Stomach is capable of holding 2 to 3 L of food

Question 7

Four parts of the stomach

Answer 7

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

Question 8

Cardia

Answer 8

Part surrounding the cardial orifice

The orifice marks the connection between the stomach and esophagus

Question 9

Fundus

Answer 9

Dilated superior aspect of the stomach that is related to the left of the diaphragm

Question 10

Body of the stomach

Answer 10

Center, lying between the fundus and the pyloric Antrum

Question 11

Pyloric

Answer 11

Funnel shaped region of the stomach at the bottom

The distal aspect is characterized by the pyloric sphincter which controls discharge of the stomach contents into the duodenum

Question 12

Small intestine

Answer 12

Continue with food digestion
three parts
Duodenum
Jejunum
Illeum

Question 13

Duodenum

Answer 13

First and shortest part of the small intestine

C shaped divided into four parts superior, descending horizontal, ascending

Bile and pancreatic ducts enter into the duodenum for digestive purposes

Question 14

Jejunum and illeum

Answer 14

Together the jejunum, and Illeum are 6 to 7 m long

There is no clear demarcation between the two but surgeons are able to distinguish differences by some of the following characteristics

Jejunum is often redder thicker, and has a greater vascularity than the ileum

Question 15

Spleen

Answer 15

Largest lymphatic organ

Located in the left upper abdominal quadrant

Primary function is to eliminate old and damage cells from the circulation filter, antigens and contribute to the immune response

It’s removal does not seriously impaired the immune response

Question 16

Pancreas

Answer 16

Organ lies posterior to the stomach

Secreting gastric juices for the small intestine that enters the duodenum via the pancreatic ducts

Endocrine gland supplying the body with insulin and glucagon from the islets of Langerhans

Divided into four parts, head, neck, body, and tail

Question 17

Liver

Answer 17

Largest gland in the body and is found in the right upper quadrant

Metabolic activity, secretion of bile and storage of glycogen

Responsible for processing the products of digestion, as well as endogenous and exogenous substances, like drugs and toxins that enter the circulation

Question 18

Portal triad

Answer 18

Bile duct

Hepatic artery

Portal vein

Question 19

Bile duct

Answer 19

Part of portal triad

Formed by the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (gallbladder)

Question 20

Hepatic artery

Answer 20

Part of the portal triad

Arises from the aorta, and delivers well oxygenated blood to the liver

Question 21

Portal vein

Answer 21

Part of the portal triad

Arises from the mesenteric and splenic veins, and empties into the liver

Carries nutrient, rich blood

Question 22

Gallbladder

Answer 22

Bile storage and increase in concentration

Released when fat inters the duodenum via the cystic duct to the bile duct

Question 23

Cecum

Answer 23

First Part of large intestine

Blind, intestinal pouch

Ileocecal valve connects the illeum with the cecum

Attached to the cecum is the vermiform appendix
Appendix is a blind diverticulum
Function is not well understood

Question 24

Colon

Answer 24

Part of large intestine

Four parts

Ascending transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

Functions to remove fluid from fecal matter

Question 25

Rectum and anal canal

Answer 25

Continuation of the colon Sphincters for the control of defecation

Question 26

Kidneys

Answer 26

Lie on the posterior abdominal wall Remove excess water, salts and waste of protein metabolism from the blood, overturning nutrients and chemicals back to the blood Superior aspect of the kidney contains the suprarenal gland or the adrenal glands Functions to produce hormones, and steroid production for the body

Question 27

Ureters

Answer 27

Convey the waste products, absorbed by the kidneys to the bladder in the pelvis The ureters run inferiorly from the kidney over the common iliac arteries to the bladder

Question 28

Bladder

Answer 28

Hollow pouch, with strong muscular walls with characteristic of distensibility Functions temporary reservoir for urine

Question 29

Urethra

Answer 29

muscular tube that conveys urine from the bladder

Question 30

Female, reproductive organs

Answer 30

Ovaries Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes Uterus Cervix Vagina

Question 31

Ovaries

Answer 31

Female reproductive glands Produces ova or oocytes and estrogen

Question 32

Fallopian tubes

Answer 32

Extend laterally from the uterus and open near the ovaries Functions to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus

Question 33

Uterus

Answer 33

Thick walled, pear-shaped, hollow, muscular organ Provides environment for the embryo and fetus development

Question 34

Cervix

Answer 34

Neck region of uterus

Question 35

Vagina

Answer 35

Musculomembranous tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule of the vagina functions as a passageway

Question 36

Male reproductive organs

Answer 36

Testis Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens or vas deferens Ejaculatory duct Prostate

Question 37

Testis

Answer 37

Male gonad One or two reproductive glands found in the scrotum Functions to produce spermatozoa and the make hormone testosterone

Question 38

Seminal vesicle

Answer 38

Lies between the bladder and the rectum Function to secrete a thick alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as the pass into the ejaculatory duct

Question 39

Ductus deferens

Answer 39

Continuation of the duct of the epididymus Begins in epididymis and eventually joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

Question 40

Ejaculatory duct

Answer 40

Slender tube that arises by the union of the duct of a seminal vesicle with the ductus deferens and connects into the urethra

Question 41

Prostate

Answer 41

Accessory gland Secretes fluid that helps to form part of the seminal fluid

Question 42

Retroperitoneum organs

Answer 42

Adrenal glands, aorta, kidneys, esophagus, ureters, pancreas, rectum, and parts of the stomach and colon