Abdominal Viscera Flashcards
Peritoneum
Thin, transparent serous membrane that consist of two layers
Parietal peritoneum- lines abdominal wall
Visceral peritoneum - lines visceral organs
Space between is lined with Sarah’s fluid to allow movement without friction between the wall in the organs or between organs
Not all organs are covered by the peritoneum
Mesentery
Double layer of the peritoneum that encloses the abdominal organs
Provides a means of neurovascular communication and organ attachment to the posterior abdominal wall- example is a tissue connecting the small intestine
Contained with the fibrous tissue of the mesentery are blood and lymph vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, and adipose tissue
Omentum
Double layer of peritoneum that attaches the stomach to the body wall or other abdominal organs
Greater omentum- fat laden fold of the peritoneum that connects the stomach with a transverse colon
Lesser omentum- connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to liver
Abdominal cavity, location, and contents
Located superior to the pelvic inlet and limited superiorly by the thoracic diaphragm
Contains the peritoneum and abdominal viscera
Esophagus
Muscular tube that extends from pharynx to the stomach 25 cm
Function- Transportation of food from oral cavity to stomach
Passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm to enter into the abdominal cavity
Peristaltic action creates rapid food movement in the oral cavity to the stomach
Stomach
Expandable part of the digestive track the last between the esophagus and small intestine
Function is to provide enzymatic digestion of food converting solid food into a liquid mixture, called chyme
Stomach is capable of holding 2 to 3 L of food
Four parts of the stomach
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric
Cardia
Part surrounding the cardial orifice
The orifice marks the connection between the stomach and esophagus
Fundus
Dilated superior aspect of the stomach that is related to the left of the diaphragm
Body of the stomach
Center, lying between the fundus and the pyloric Antrum
Pyloric
Funnel shaped region of the stomach at the bottom
The distal aspect is characterized by the pyloric sphincter which controls discharge of the stomach contents into the duodenum
Small intestine
Continue with food digestion
three parts
Duodenum
Jejunum
Illeum
Duodenum
First and shortest part of the small intestine
C shaped divided into four parts superior, descending horizontal, ascending
Bile and pancreatic ducts enter into the duodenum for digestive purposes
Jejunum and illeum
Together the jejunum, and Illeum are 6 to 7 m long
There is no clear demarcation between the two but surgeons are able to distinguish differences by some of the following characteristics
Jejunum is often redder thicker, and has a greater vascularity than the ileum
Spleen
Largest lymphatic organ
Located in the left upper abdominal quadrant
Primary function is to eliminate old and damage cells from the circulation filter, antigens and contribute to the immune response
It’s removal does not seriously impaired the immune response
Pancreas
Organ lies posterior to the stomach
Secreting gastric juices for the small intestine that enters the duodenum via the pancreatic ducts
Endocrine gland supplying the body with insulin and glucagon from the islets of Langerhans
Divided into four parts, head, neck, body, and tail
Liver
Largest gland in the body and is found in the right upper quadrant
Metabolic activity, secretion of bile and storage of glycogen
Responsible for processing the products of digestion, as well as endogenous and exogenous substances, like drugs and toxins that enter the circulation
Portal triad
Bile duct
Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Bile duct
Part of portal triad
Formed by the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct (gallbladder)
Hepatic artery
Part of the portal triad
Arises from the aorta, and delivers well oxygenated blood to the liver
Portal vein
Part of the portal triad
Arises from the mesenteric and splenic veins, and empties into the liver
Carries nutrient, rich blood
Gallbladder
Bile storage and increase in concentration
Released when fat inters the duodenum via the cystic duct to the bile duct
Cecum
First Part of large intestine
Blind, intestinal pouch
Ileocecal valve connects the illeum with the cecum
Attached to the cecum is the vermiform appendix
Appendix is a blind diverticulum
Function is not well understood
Colon
Part of large intestine
Four parts
Ascending transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
Functions to remove fluid from fecal matter
Rectum and anal canal
Continuation of the colon
Sphincters for the control of defecation
Kidneys
Lie on the posterior abdominal wall
Remove excess water, salts and waste of protein metabolism from the blood, overturning nutrients and chemicals back to the blood
Superior aspect of the kidney contains the suprarenal gland or the adrenal glands
Functions to produce hormones, and steroid production for the body
Ureters
Convey the waste products, absorbed by the kidneys to the bladder in the pelvis
The ureters run inferiorly from the kidney over the common iliac arteries to the bladder
Bladder
Hollow pouch, with strong muscular walls with characteristic of distensibility
Functions temporary reservoir for urine
Urethra
muscular tube that conveys urine from the bladder
Female, reproductive organs
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Ovaries
Female reproductive glands
Produces ova or oocytes and estrogen
Fallopian tubes
Extend laterally from the uterus and open near the ovaries
Functions to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Uterus
Thick walled, pear-shaped, hollow, muscular organ
Provides environment for the embryo and fetus development
Cervix
Neck region of uterus
Vagina
Musculomembranous tube extending from the cervix to the vestibule of the vagina functions as a passageway
Male reproductive organs
Testis
Seminal vesicle
Ductus deferens or vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Testis
Male gonad
One or two reproductive glands found in the scrotum
Functions to produce spermatozoa and the make hormone testosterone
Seminal vesicle
Lies between the bladder and the rectum
Function to secrete a thick alkaline fluid that mixes with the sperm as the pass into the ejaculatory duct
Ductus deferens
Continuation of the duct of the epididymus
Begins in epididymis and eventually joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct
Ejaculatory duct
Slender tube that arises by the union of the duct of a seminal vesicle with the ductus deferens and connects into the urethra
Prostate
Accessory gland
Secretes fluid that helps to form part of the seminal fluid
Retroperitoneum organs
Adrenal glands, aorta, kidneys, esophagus, ureters, pancreas, rectum, and parts of the stomach and colon
