abdomen Flashcards
1
Q
What is the optimal kV for an abdomen?
A
70-80kV
2
Q
Is abdomen long scale or short scale?
A
Long scale because you can see lots of colors
3
Q
Is abdomen Low contrast or high contrast?
A
Low
4
Q
How can you control involuntary motion?
A
quick exposure time
5
Q
How can you control voluntary motion?
A
Control breathing
6
Q
What are the 3 criteria’s for decubs?
A
Recumbent patient, Vertical IR, Horizontal CR
7
Q
What does AAA stand for?
A
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
8
Q
For lateral how long should the patient lay before taking the exposure?
A
Minimum-5 minutes Recommended 15-20 minutes
9
Q
Why would you do a Dorsal Decub Lateral Abdomen?
A
To R/O Aneurysm
10
Q
What position would you do to R/O an aneurysm?
A
Dorsal Decub
11
Q
What are the 3 natural openings of the diaphragm?
A
Esophagus, aorta, superior vena cava
12
Q
3 history questions for abdomen?
A
1 Are you having any pain or discomfort in your abdomen? If so can you show me where? How long has the pain been there, and has it worsened recently? Do you have any blood in your stool or urine? Is it bright red or dark red?
13
Q
What does hematuria mean?
A
Blood in the Urine
14
Q
What does Micro-hematuria mean?
A
The lab found the blood
15
Q
What does Gross-hematuria mean?
A
Blood is visible to the patient
16
Q
appendix removal
A
appendectomy
17
Q
If patient is unable to do upright abdomen what would be your alternative and why?
A
Left Lateral Decubitus- because air in the stomach will only rise to the midline of the abdomen
18
Q
Gall Bladder removal
A
Cholecystectomy
19
Q
Female Reproductive Removal
A
hysterectomy or parietal hysterectomy if only one ovary is taken.
20
Q
Types of Hernias
A
R or L inguinal, umbilical, hiatal
21
Q
Term for blood in the stool
A
hematochezia
22
Q
Why do we do exhalation for abdomens?
A
So that the diaphragm goes up so you can see full view of the abdomen
23
Q
minimum of what degree is considered to be upright?
A
70
24
Q
The abdominal cavity extends from what superiorly to what inferiorly?
A
diaphragm-upper bony pelvis
25
How long is the small intestine?
23ft
26
How long is the large intestine?
5ft
27
Whats in the LUQ
stomach, spleen
28
whats in the RUQ
Liver, Gallbladder
29
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Bladder, Rectum, sigmoid, reproductive organs
30
The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by the double walled seromembranous sac called?
The peritoneal sac
31
The peritoneal sac has an outer covering called the?
Parietal peritoneum
32
What means 'lining of the caity'
parietal peritoneum
33
What is the loose lining also called the omenta or mesentery?
visceral peritoneum
34
What is positioned over the internal organs and covers around the organs and is a support mechanism?
mesentery and omenta
35
Parietal=
Cavity
36
Visceral=
Organs
37
If the abdomen is full of gas what do you do to your technique?
Lower kV
38
What is the air pocket called in the stomach?
Meganblase
39
When is the small and large intestine visualized on an x-ray?
when it is full or barium or air and gas
40
Which intestine is responsible for defecation? Small or Large?
Large
41
Which side of the Large intestine is lower and why?
Right side because the liver pushes it down
42
What is the largest solid organ in the body?
Liver
43
What organ is in the RUQ and just beneath the diaphragm?
Liver
44
What does flexure mean?
Bend
45
What 2 organs does the liver push down and what muscle does the liver push up?
Right side of intestine and right kidney go down right hemi-diaphragm go up
46
What color does the liver show up as on a radiograph and why?
White, because it is very dense and hard to penetrate
47
The gallbladder is located in what quadrant?
RUQ
48
When is the gallbladder visualized on a radiograph?
When enhanced with barium
49
When can the gallbladder be visualized without barium?
When stones are present
50
What is an example of an opaque contrast?
Barium
51
What is an example of a radiolucent contrast?
Air or Gas
52
What quadrant is the Spleen located?
LUQ
53
Can you see a spleen on a radiograph
no
54
What procedures do you do to visualize the spleen?
CT or MRI
55
What is the head of the pancreas and loop of duodenum called?
love affair of the abdomen
56
What quadrant is the pancreas located in?
LUQ
57
What 2 things are the pancreas responsible for?
Glucose and Insulin
58
Can you see your pancreas or a radiograph?
No
59
Where are the kidneys located?
Retroperitoneum
60
What vertebral levels are the kidneys located?
T12 (LK) - L3 (RK)
61
Why does the right kidney usually lower than the left?
Due to the liver pushing it down
62
What test is done to the kidneys?
IVP test
63
give an example of a radiopaque contrast
Iodine
64
Which contrast barium or Iodine can be absorbed by the body?
Iodine
65
What does non-gravid mean?
Not pregnant
66
ASIS
Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
67
What must be seen on a KUB
Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder
68
What is the respiration for abdomen?
Exhalation
69
Why do they do a 2 series film for an ER patient? and what 2 films do they do?
Looking for air and fluid levels or Tear in the digestive tract. Flat and upright
70
When do you do a post void?
After IVP exam
71
When do you do a Post Evac?
After BE exam
72
For a SBS follow up how often do you take an X-ray?
15-20 minutes
73
What does a patient drink for a SBS?
Barium
74
Where do you center for a SBS follow up, Post Evac, and Post Void
L4
75
What do you need to mark for a SBS follow up?
Mark film with appropriate time
76
For a SBS follow up and a Post Evac what is the patients position?
Prone
77
What is the position of post void?
AP upright
78
Why do we do a post evac and post void?
To see how much contrast the patient is able to get rid of
79
Whats another name for surveys and follow up films?
SCOUTS
80
What is the love affair of the abdomen?
head of pancreas and loop of duodenum
81
What are 3 ways you can cleanse the abdomen tract?
Controlled diet, laxative, enema
82
To include the bladder on a film what structure must you have?
Pubic Symphysis
83
What vertebral level is the iliac crest?
L4
84
What vertebral level are the kidneys?
T12-L3
85
Is abdomen long scale or short scale?
Long Scale
86
Is abdomen high contrast or low contrast?
Low contrast
87
What is the optimum kV for abdomen?
70-80
88
What muscle will we see is we have penetrated the abdomen?
Psoas
89
How can we see voluntary motion on a radiograph?
Blur
90
What does involuntary motion look like on a radiograph and what is it caused by in an abdomen film?
Haziness, caused by peristalsis
91
All ___ radiographs are abdominal radiographs
KUBS
92
Not all abdominals are ____
KUBS
93
What is in the RLQ?
Appendix
94
What structure is usually at the level of the appendix?
Acetabulum
95
Why do many institutions perform Spine AP protection and an upright AP projection?
To R/O free air and fluid levels.
96
In an upright AP projection from what to what should be included
Diaphragm to acetabulum
97
What is the Acetabulum
Hip Joint (socket)
98
If free air is in the abdomen it won't rise any further than what on an upright?
Diaphragm
99
If free air is in the abdomen it won't rise any further that what on a lateral?
Midline
100
3 criteria's for gonadal protection
1- if gonads lie within 2 inches of X-ray field. 2- if the exam will not be compromised 3- if patin has reasonable reproductive potential
101
Abdomen AP Projection the CR should be ___ to the IR?
Perpendicular
102
Abdomen AP projection you should center at?
L4 (iliac crest)
103
proper SID for an abdomen
40''
104
film size for AP abdomen?
14x17
105
What is a diaphragm shot?
If you clip diaphragm on an upright film use 14x17 CW, Top of film at armpit
106
What film do you use for a bladder shot?
10x12
107
Where do you center for a bladder shot?
2'' below ASIS or 2-3'' ABOVE pubic symphysis
108
Where do you center for Supine position?
Level of L4 (iliac crest)
109
Where of you center for upright position?
2'' above iliac crest
110
What is the term for air in the abdomen
pneumoperitoneum
111
For a kidney shot where will the IR be directed?
midway between typhoid process (T10) and Umbilicus (L4)
112
Why is PA projection preferred over AP when the kidneys are not of primary interest?
It greatly reduces gonad dose
113
Why don't we do a PA projection of the kidneys?
Because it will magnify the kidneys
114
Decub
Recumbent patient, vertical IR, horizontal CR
115
Meganblase doesn't rise higher than what?
The midline
116
What system is your liver, and pancreas part of?
Billiary System
117
Which lobe of the liver is bigger?
Right Lobe
118
Why do they call your small intestine small?
Diameter size
119
can you live without your spleen
yes
120
What side of your abdomen has the ascending colon?
Right
121
What is the fissure in your liver called?
Falciform ligament
122
What is in the retroperitoneum?
Kidneys and pancreas
123
what connects your kidneys to your bladder?
ureturs
124
What does AAA stand for?
Abdominal Aorta Aneurysm
125
How long should you lay on your side for a lateral?
min 5 minutes, recommended 15-20
126
Proper respiration for abdominal radiography should be?
Exhalation
127
The optimal KV used for abdominal radiography is?
70-80
128
What kv should you use when doing a barium study?
90kV+
129
why do you increase kv when doing a barium study?
barium is hard to penetrate
130
We chose 70-80kv for abdomen because?
Then we are able to view lots of densities
131
For upright radiography of the abdomen when free air is to be ruled out, the CR should be directed to ______
2'' above level of umbilicus/iliac crest/ L4
132
The proper decubitus to be performed for an abdomen series on a patient who is unable to stand is?
Left Lateral Decub
133
Why do we do a left lateral decub and not a right lateral decub
so that we don't mistake meganblase for free air
134
The proper decubitus that may be utilized to demonstrate the presence of a AAA is?
Dorsal Decub
135
What type of motion can be eliminated by the use of proper instructions and high com for level of the patient when performing abdominal radiography?
Voluntary
136
This anatomical structure must be included on upright radiography?
Diaphragm
137
What muscle can be demonstrated on either side of the vertebral column in a triangular shape on abdominal radiography?
Psoas
138
List the two structures and vertebral level to bisect when centering for a kidney shot?
Xyphoid process T10 Umbilicus L4
139
Which kidney is lower and why
The right kidney is lower because for the liver pushing it down
140
The proper centering for a KUB
L4- vertebral level, Iliac crest- structure
141
When a patient can't sit up to 70 degrees what position do you do?
Left Lateral Decub
142
What is the proper centering for a bladder shot?
2-3'' above the border of the pubic symphisis and/or 2'' below ASIS
143
Why is it important to use the proper respiration when performing abdominal radiography?
So that the diaphragm goes up (on exhalation) so you can get full view of the abdomen
144
What are upright or decubitus radiographs performed?
To look for free and and fluid levels
145
If performing an upright abdomen on a patient who cannot stand completely upright how should the CR be directed to accurately demonstrate air and fluid levels?
CR must be horizontal
146
What is the projection of the decubitus abdomen radiograph that has their anterior surface facing the tube
AP projection
147
List an advantage for doing the abdomen using a PA projection
greatly reduces patients gonad dose
148
What must be included on an upright abdomen radiograph? From what to what?
Diaphragm- acetabulum
149
If performing 2 CW radiographs of the abdomen on a large patient what needs to be demonstrated on the finished radiograph to ensure that all anatomy is included?
Overlapping
150
The movement of foodstuff through the digestive tract will cause what type of motion on a radiograph?
Involuntary
151
What is the term for food moving through the digestive tract
peristalsis
152
What structure is included on a radiograph to ensure that the bladder is included?
Pubic Symphysis
153
If you can't locate the umbilicus or crest of a patient what should you feel for?
Greater trochanter
154
Which hemi-diaphragm is lower? Why?
Left because the right side is being pushed up by the liver
