Abdomen 2 Flashcards
abdominal viscera
includes gastrointestinal, endocrine, and urogenital systems
organization of the gastrointestinal system
foregut, midgut, and hindgut
foregut
-esophagus
-stomach
-proximal duodenum
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
midgut
-distal duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-appendix
-ascending colon
-2/3 transverse colon
hindgut
-distal 1/3 transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
inferior phrenic arteries
supplies inferior diaphragm
suprarenal arteries
supplies adrenal glands
renal arteries
supplies kidneys to filter blood
gonadal arteries
supplies testes/ovaries
lumbar arteries
supply posterior abdominal wall
common iliac arteries
supples anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb
celiac trunk
supplies foregut structures
superior mesenteric artery
supplies midgut structures
inferior mesenteric artery
supplies hindgut structures
celiac trunk divides into:
left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic arteries
superior mesenteric artery gives rise to
intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery
what does each common iliac artery give rise to
each common iliac artery gives rise to the internal and external iliac arteries
inferior mesenteric artery gives rise to
left colic artery, sigmoid artery, and superior rectal artery
what structures anastomose with the inferior vena cava
Paired:
-inferior phrenic veins
-suprarenal veins
-renal veins
-gonadal veins
-lumbar veins
-common iliac veins
inferior phrenic vein
dran inferior diaphragm
suprarenal vein
drain adrenal gland
renal vein
drain kidney of filtered blood
gonadal vein
drain testes/ovaries
lumbar vein
drain posterior abdominal wall
common iliac vein
drains anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb
hepatic portal system contents:
-superior mesenteric vein
-inferior mesenteric vein
-splenic vein
superior mesenteric vein
drains portions of foregut and midgut
inferior mesenteric vein
drains hindgut
splenic vein
drains non-nutrient blood from spleen
hepatic portal vein function
return processed blood from liver to inferior vena cava
innervation of abdominal viscera
-aortic plexus
aortic plexus
network of ganglia and autonomic fibers coating the thoracic aorta
parasympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera
vagal trunk
sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera
thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves
sympathetic ganglia associated with aortic plexus
-celiac
-aorticorenal
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
-renal plexus
preganglionic pass through chains to form…
splanchnic nerves that synapse with postganglionic neurons that hitch a ride w arteries to innervate viscera
greater splanchnic nerve
-sympathetic: celiac ganglion
-foregut structures
-celiac trunk
- splenic vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
lesser splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic: aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia
-midgut structures
-superior mesenteric artery
-superior mesenteric vein of HPS
least splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic renal plexus
lumbar splanchnic nerves
-sympathetic: inferior mesenteric ganglion
-hindgut structures
-inferior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic
when does vagus nerve become vagal trunk
after the esophageal plexus
vagal trunk
pregang neurons in a nerve plexuses that synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia within viscera
plevic splanchnic nerves
-nervi erigentes
-anterior rami of spinal nerves S2-S4
-synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia located within viscera
4 layers of gastrointestinal wall
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externis
-serosa
mucosa
-innermost layer
-surrounds lumen
-simple columnar epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae
lamina propria
connective tissue layer containing lymphocyte nodules
muscularis mucosae
produces segmentation (mixing motility pattern)
submucosa
dense layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels adn lymphatics and submucosal plexus
muscularis externis
produces paristalsis that propels food through tract, regulated by myenteric plexus
Serosa
-visceral peritoneum
-loose connective tissue
esophagus
-muscular tube that begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage
-descends posterior to trachea
-exits thorax through esophageal hiatus
-terminates at esophagogastric junction
types of muscle in the esophagus
-superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
-inferior 1/3 smooth
-middle 1/3 mix
distal esophagus supplied by
esophageal branches of left gastric artery and drained by left gastric vein
esophagus below the diaphragm innervated by
-sympathetic: splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
what do vagal trunks innervate
smooth muscle of abdominal viscera up until the distal 1/3 of transverse colon
stomach
-composed of four regions and two curvatures
four regions of stomach
-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus region
curvatures of stomach
lesser and greater curvature
rugae
gastric folds that allow the stomach gto expand
how does stomach process food
-mechanically via muscular contractions and chemically through HCl and pepsin
celiac trunk supplies stomach through
-lesser curvature via gastric artery
-greater curvature via gastroomental artery
stomach drainage
left and right gastric veins and left and right gastro omental vein
Innervation of the stomach
-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
Small intestine
-extends from pylorus to ileocecal junction
-differentiated into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Duodenum
-site of digestion
-four parts: superior, descending, inferior, and ascending
superior duodenum
ONLY intraperitoneal portion, rest is retroperitoneal
descending duodenum
-curves around head of the pancreas
-receives digestive enzymes from pancreas via main pancreatic duct
-receives bile from the gallbladder via common bile duct
accessory pancreatic duct
provides and transports digestive enzymes
ampulla of vater
common bile duct and main pancreatic duct combined
proximal supply of duodenum and pancreas
common hepatic branch off the celiac trunk
distal supply of duodenum and pancreas
superior mesenteric artery
innervation of pancreas and duodenum
-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
jejunum and ileum
-suspended by mesentery proper
-primary site of nutrient absorption
mesentery proper
mesentery of the small intestine
small intestine supply
-intestinal arteries off the superior mesenteric artery
small intestine drainage
-superior mesenteric vein of hepatic portal system
lacteals in intestinal villi
-absorb fat from the diet
-drained through juxtaintestinal, mesenteric, and central nodes which then go into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes and onto cisterna chyli
innervation of lacteals
-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
sections and motility in sympathetic vs parasympathetic
-sympathetic: reduces
-parasympathetic: increases
Large intestine
-teniae coli, haustrum, and epiploic appendages
-water and electrolyte reabsorption and storage of undigested food prior to elimination
teniae coli
strips of thick muscular externa in the colon
haustrum
segments in the colon
epiploic appendages
things that hang off the colon with no known function
cecum
first part of the large intestine that houses the appendix
appendix
-blind diverticulum
-typically found in retrocecal position
-may be involved in immune response or replenishing of normal flora
ascending colon
-retroperitoneal
-ends at right colic fissure
transverse colon
-intraperitoneal
-ends at left colic fissure
cecum supplied and drained by
ileocolic artery and ileocolic vein
ascending colon supplied by
right colic artery and right colic vein
proximal 2/3 of transverse colon supplied by
marginal artery and marginal vein
distal 1/3 of transverse colon supplied by
marginal artery that anastomoses with branch from the inferior mesenteric artery and marginal vein
colon up until proximal 2/3 of transverse colon is innervated by
-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
descending colon
-retroperitoneal
sigmoid colon
-intraperitoneal
-S shaped
-suspended by sigmoid mesocolon
upper 1/3 of the rectum
-retroperitoneal
-lacks teniae coli and omental appendages
Major transition point in the body
distal 1/3 of transverse colon that marks a transition to autonomic innervation
descending colon supply and drainage
left colic artery and left colic vein
sigmoid colon supply and drainage
sigmoidal arteries and sigmoidal veins
upper rectum supply and drainage
superior rectal artery of the inferior mesenteric artery and superior rectal vein of the inferior mesenteric vein of HPS
innervation of distal 1/3 transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum
-sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves
Spleen
-lymphatic and hematopoietic intraperitoneal organ
-between 9-11 ribs and rests on left colic fissure
-hilum
-often in contact with tail of pancreas
hilum
allows for passage of vasculature into the spleen
gastrosplenic ligament
connects spleen to stomach
splenorenal ligament
connects spleen to left kidney
spleen blood supply
splenic artery of celiac trunk and divides into multiple branches at the hilum
spleen blood drainage
splenic vein that joins with the inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein
innervation of spleen
-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
Pancreas
-head,neck,body,tail
-retroperitoneal organ
-endocrine and exocrine portion
endocrine portion of the pancreas
-secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream
exocrine portion of the pancreas
bicarbonate and digestive enzymes released into duodenum from main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct
blood supply to pancreas
-anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries from the gastroduodenal artery of common hepatic artery
-dorsal and greater pancreatic arteries of the splenic artery from celiac trunk
pancreas blood drained by
pancreatic veins of splenic and superior mesenteric veins of HPS
innervation of the pancreas
-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
liver and gallbladder
-metabolism and storage of biomolecules
-involved in detoxification
-site of cholesterol synthesis and iron metabolism
-production and storage of bile
-removal of old blood cells
-synthesis of plasma proteins
four lobes in the liver
-left
-right
-caudate
-quadrate
what surrounds the liver
fibrous capsule
falciform ligament
attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and separates right and left lobes
visceral surface of liver
contains caval and gallbladder
ligamentum venosum and round ligament
divides the visceral surface of liver
caudate lobe and quadrate lobe
located on the underside or right lobe and separated by porta hepatis
porta hepatis/portal triad
location of portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct enter or exit liver
hepatoduodenal ligament
houses the portal triad
blood supply of liver
left and right hepatic arteries from proper hepatic artery of the celiac trunk
what does it receive from HPS
nutrient rich blood from the hepatic portal vein for processing
where is the filtered blood transported
from the liver to the inferior vena cava via multiple hepatic veins
what innervates the liver
-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
biliary tree
carries bile produced by hepatocytes to the gallbladder for storage and eventually to the duodenum
bile duct formed by
left and right hepatic, common hepatic, and cystic ducts
where is gallbladder held?
gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver
part of gallbladder
fundus, body, neck
what supplies the gallbladder
cystic artery from the right hepatic artery of the proper hepatic artery of celiac trunk
what drains the gallbladder
numerous cystic veins
innervation of the gallbladder
-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks
kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands
-retroperitoneal, behind peritineum
kidney
-remove nitrogenous waste from protein
-maintain water and salt balance
ureters
transport urine from kidney to bladder
suprarenal glands
-adrenal glands
-secrete hormones
perinephric fat and renal fascia
surrounds kidneys and suprarenal glands
renal hilum
where renal vasculature enters and exits, surrounded by fat-filled renal sinus
renal cortex
outer layer and surrounded by fibrous capsule
renal medulla
inner layer consisting of renal pyramids and renal columns
renal pyramids
projects into depressions called minor calyces
major calyces
connects with renal pelvis
adrenal cortex
secretes corticosteroid hormones(stress hormones)
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic response)
kidney blood supply
renal arteries from abdominal aorta that branch into five segmental arteries
kidney drained by
renal veins that empty into inferior vena cava
arteries of the ureters
branches of the renal arteries
suprarenal glands supplied by
superior suprarenal arteries of the inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal arteries of abdominal aorta, and inferior suprarenal arteries of the renal arteries
suprarenal glands drained by
right suprarenal vein and left suprarenal vein into the inferior vena cava
kidneys innervated by
-sympathetic: least splanchnic nerve
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk
suprarenal glands innervated by
-preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the celiac plexus that synapse with chromaffin cells
chromaffin cells
secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into vasculature
