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Human anatomy > Abdomen 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen 2 Flashcards

1
Q

abdominal viscera

A

includes gastrointestinal, endocrine, and urogenital systems

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2
Q

organization of the gastrointestinal system

A

foregut, midgut, and hindgut

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3
Q

foregut

A

-esophagus
-stomach
-proximal duodenum
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas

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4
Q

midgut

A

-distal duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-appendix
-ascending colon
-2/3 transverse colon

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5
Q

hindgut

A

-distal 1/3 transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum

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6
Q

inferior phrenic arteries

A

supplies inferior diaphragm

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7
Q

suprarenal arteries

A

supplies adrenal glands

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8
Q

renal arteries

A

supplies kidneys to filter blood

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9
Q

gonadal arteries

A

supplies testes/ovaries

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10
Q

lumbar arteries

A

supply posterior abdominal wall

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11
Q

common iliac arteries

A

supples anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb

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12
Q

celiac trunk

A

supplies foregut structures

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13
Q

superior mesenteric artery

A

supplies midgut structures

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14
Q

inferior mesenteric artery

A

supplies hindgut structures

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15
Q

celiac trunk divides into:

A

left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic arteries

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16
Q

superior mesenteric artery gives rise to

A

intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, and middle colic artery

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16
Q

what does each common iliac artery give rise to

A

each common iliac artery gives rise to the internal and external iliac arteries

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16
Q

inferior mesenteric artery gives rise to

A

left colic artery, sigmoid artery, and superior rectal artery

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17
Q

what structures anastomose with the inferior vena cava

A

Paired:
-inferior phrenic veins
-suprarenal veins
-renal veins
-gonadal veins
-lumbar veins
-common iliac veins

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18
Q

inferior phrenic vein

A

dran inferior diaphragm

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19
Q

suprarenal vein

A

drain adrenal gland

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20
Q

renal vein

A

drain kidney of filtered blood

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21
Q

gonadal vein

A

drain testes/ovaries

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22
Q

lumbar vein

A

drain posterior abdominal wall

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23
Q

common iliac vein

A

drains anterior abdominal wall, pelvic structures, and lower limb

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24
Q

hepatic portal system contents:

A

-superior mesenteric vein
-inferior mesenteric vein
-splenic vein

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25
Q

superior mesenteric vein

A

drains portions of foregut and midgut

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26
Q

inferior mesenteric vein

A

drains hindgut

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27
Q

splenic vein

A

drains non-nutrient blood from spleen

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28
Q

hepatic portal vein function

A

return processed blood from liver to inferior vena cava

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29
Q

innervation of abdominal viscera

A

-aortic plexus

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30
Q

aortic plexus

A

network of ganglia and autonomic fibers coating the thoracic aorta

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31
Q

parasympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera

A

vagal trunk

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32
Q

sympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera

A

thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

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33
Q

sympathetic ganglia associated with aortic plexus

A

-celiac
-aorticorenal
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
-renal plexus

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34
Q

preganglionic pass through chains to form…

A

splanchnic nerves that synapse with postganglionic neurons that hitch a ride w arteries to innervate viscera

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35
Q

greater splanchnic nerve

A

-sympathetic: celiac ganglion
-foregut structures
-celiac trunk
- splenic vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

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36
Q

lesser splanchnic nerves

A

-sympathetic: aorticorenal and superior mesenteric ganglia
-midgut structures
-superior mesenteric artery
-superior mesenteric vein of HPS

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37
Q

least splanchnic nerves

A

-sympathetic renal plexus

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38
Q

lumbar splanchnic nerves

A

-sympathetic: inferior mesenteric ganglion
-hindgut structures
-inferior mesenteric artery
-inferior mesenteric vein of HPS
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic

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39
Q

when does vagus nerve become vagal trunk

A

after the esophageal plexus

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40
Q

vagal trunk

A

pregang neurons in a nerve plexuses that synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia within viscera

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41
Q

plevic splanchnic nerves

A

-nervi erigentes
-anterior rami of spinal nerves S2-S4
-synapse with postgang neurons in intramural ganglia located within viscera

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42
Q

4 layers of gastrointestinal wall

A

-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis externis
-serosa

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43
Q

mucosa

A

-innermost layer
-surrounds lumen
-simple columnar epithelium
-lamina propria
-muscularis mucosae

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44
Q

lamina propria

A

connective tissue layer containing lymphocyte nodules

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45
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

produces segmentation (mixing motility pattern)

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46
Q

submucosa

A

dense layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels adn lymphatics and submucosal plexus

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47
Q

muscularis externis

A

produces paristalsis that propels food through tract, regulated by myenteric plexus

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48
Q

Serosa

A

-visceral peritoneum
-loose connective tissue

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49
Q

esophagus

A

-muscular tube that begins at the level of the cricoid cartilage
-descends posterior to trachea
-exits thorax through esophageal hiatus
-terminates at esophagogastric junction

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50
Q

types of muscle in the esophagus

A

-superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
-inferior 1/3 smooth
-middle 1/3 mix

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51
Q

distal esophagus supplied by

A

esophageal branches of left gastric artery and drained by left gastric vein

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52
Q

esophagus below the diaphragm innervated by

A

-sympathetic: splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

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53
Q

what do vagal trunks innervate

A

smooth muscle of abdominal viscera up until the distal 1/3 of transverse colon

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54
Q

stomach

A

-composed of four regions and two curvatures

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55
Q

four regions of stomach

A

-cardia
-fundus
-body
-pylorus region

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56
Q

curvatures of stomach

A

lesser and greater curvature

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57
Q

rugae

A

gastric folds that allow the stomach gto expand

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58
Q

how does stomach process food

A

-mechanically via muscular contractions and chemically through HCl and pepsin

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59
Q

celiac trunk supplies stomach through

A

-lesser curvature via gastric artery
-greater curvature via gastroomental artery

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60
Q

stomach drainage

A

left and right gastric veins and left and right gastro omental vein

61
Q

Innervation of the stomach

A

-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks

62
Q

Small intestine

A

-extends from pylorus to ileocecal junction
-differentiated into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

63
Q

Duodenum

A

-site of digestion
-four parts: superior, descending, inferior, and ascending

64
Q

superior duodenum

A

ONLY intraperitoneal portion, rest is retroperitoneal

65
Q

descending duodenum

A

-curves around head of the pancreas
-receives digestive enzymes from pancreas via main pancreatic duct
-receives bile from the gallbladder via common bile duct

66
Q

accessory pancreatic duct

A

provides and transports digestive enzymes

67
Q

ampulla of vater

A

common bile duct and main pancreatic duct combined

68
Q

proximal supply of duodenum and pancreas

A

common hepatic branch off the celiac trunk

69
Q

distal supply of duodenum and pancreas

A

superior mesenteric artery

70
Q

innervation of pancreas and duodenum

A

-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves via celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

71
Q

jejunum and ileum

A

-suspended by mesentery proper
-primary site of nutrient absorption

72
Q

mesentery proper

A

mesentery of the small intestine

73
Q

small intestine supply

A

-intestinal arteries off the superior mesenteric artery

74
Q

small intestine drainage

A

-superior mesenteric vein of hepatic portal system

75
Q

lacteals in intestinal villi

A

-absorb fat from the diet
-drained through juxtaintestinal, mesenteric, and central nodes which then go into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes and onto cisterna chyli

76
Q

innervation of lacteals

A

-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

77
Q

sections and motility in sympathetic vs parasympathetic

A

-sympathetic: reduces
-parasympathetic: increases

78
Q

Large intestine

A

-teniae coli, haustrum, and epiploic appendages
-water and electrolyte reabsorption and storage of undigested food prior to elimination

79
Q

teniae coli

A

strips of thick muscular externa in the colon

80
Q

haustrum

A

segments in the colon

81
Q

epiploic appendages

A

things that hang off the colon with no known function

82
Q

cecum

A

first part of the large intestine that houses the appendix

83
Q

appendix

A

-blind diverticulum
-typically found in retrocecal position
-may be involved in immune response or replenishing of normal flora

84
Q

ascending colon

A

-retroperitoneal
-ends at right colic fissure

85
Q

transverse colon

A

-intraperitoneal
-ends at left colic fissure

86
Q

cecum supplied and drained by

A

ileocolic artery and ileocolic vein

87
Q

ascending colon supplied by

A

right colic artery and right colic vein

88
Q

proximal 2/3 of transverse colon supplied by

A

marginal artery and marginal vein

89
Q

distal 1/3 of transverse colon supplied by

A

marginal artery that anastomoses with branch from the inferior mesenteric artery and marginal vein

90
Q

colon up until proximal 2/3 of transverse colon is innervated by

A

-sympathetic: lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

91
Q

descending colon

A

-retroperitoneal

92
Q

sigmoid colon

A

-intraperitoneal
-S shaped
-suspended by sigmoid mesocolon

93
Q

upper 1/3 of the rectum

A

-retroperitoneal
-lacks teniae coli and omental appendages

94
Q

Major transition point in the body

A

distal 1/3 of transverse colon that marks a transition to autonomic innervation

95
Q

descending colon supply and drainage

A

left colic artery and left colic vein

96
Q

sigmoid colon supply and drainage

A

sigmoidal arteries and sigmoidal veins

97
Q

upper rectum supply and drainage

A

superior rectal artery of the inferior mesenteric artery and superior rectal vein of the inferior mesenteric vein of HPS

98
Q

innervation of distal 1/3 transverse, descending, sigmoid, and rectum

A

-sympathetic: lumbar splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves

99
Q

Spleen

A

-lymphatic and hematopoietic intraperitoneal organ
-between 9-11 ribs and rests on left colic fissure
-hilum
-often in contact with tail of pancreas

100
Q

hilum

A

allows for passage of vasculature into the spleen

101
Q

gastrosplenic ligament

A

connects spleen to stomach

102
Q

splenorenal ligament

A

connects spleen to left kidney

103
Q

spleen blood supply

A

splenic artery of celiac trunk and divides into multiple branches at the hilum

104
Q

spleen blood drainage

A

splenic vein that joins with the inferior mesenteric vein and superior mesenteric vein to form hepatic portal vein

105
Q

innervation of spleen

A

-sympathetic: greater splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks

106
Q

Pancreas

A

-head,neck,body,tail
-retroperitoneal organ
-endocrine and exocrine portion

107
Q

endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

-secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

108
Q

exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

bicarbonate and digestive enzymes released into duodenum from main pancreatic and accessory pancreatic duct

109
Q

blood supply to pancreas

A

-anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries from the gastroduodenal artery of common hepatic artery
-dorsal and greater pancreatic arteries of the splenic artery from celiac trunk

110
Q

pancreas blood drained by

A

pancreatic veins of splenic and superior mesenteric veins of HPS

111
Q

innervation of the pancreas

A

-sympathetic: greater and lesser splanchnic nerves
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

112
Q

liver and gallbladder

A

-metabolism and storage of biomolecules
-involved in detoxification
-site of cholesterol synthesis and iron metabolism
-production and storage of bile
-removal of old blood cells
-synthesis of plasma proteins

113
Q

four lobes in the liver

A

-left
-right
-caudate
-quadrate

114
Q

what surrounds the liver

A

fibrous capsule

115
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall and separates right and left lobes

116
Q

visceral surface of liver

A

contains caval and gallbladder

117
Q

ligamentum venosum and round ligament

A

divides the visceral surface of liver

118
Q

caudate lobe and quadrate lobe

A

located on the underside or right lobe and separated by porta hepatis

119
Q

porta hepatis/portal triad

A

location of portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct enter or exit liver

120
Q

hepatoduodenal ligament

A

houses the portal triad

121
Q

blood supply of liver

A

left and right hepatic arteries from proper hepatic artery of the celiac trunk

122
Q

what does it receive from HPS

A

nutrient rich blood from the hepatic portal vein for processing

123
Q

where is the filtered blood transported

A

from the liver to the inferior vena cava via multiple hepatic veins

124
Q

what innervates the liver

A

-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

125
Q

biliary tree

A

carries bile produced by hepatocytes to the gallbladder for storage and eventually to the duodenum

126
Q

bile duct formed by

A

left and right hepatic, common hepatic, and cystic ducts

127
Q

where is gallbladder held?

A

gallbladder fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver

128
Q

part of gallbladder

A

fundus, body, neck

129
Q

what supplies the gallbladder

A

cystic artery from the right hepatic artery of the proper hepatic artery of celiac trunk

130
Q

what drains the gallbladder

A

numerous cystic veins

131
Q

innervation of the gallbladder

A

-sympathetic: celiac plexus
-parasympathetic: vagal trunks

132
Q

kidneys, ureters, suprarenal glands

A

-retroperitoneal, behind peritineum

133
Q

kidney

A

-remove nitrogenous waste from protein
-maintain water and salt balance

134
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder

135
Q

suprarenal glands

A

-adrenal glands
-secrete hormones

136
Q

perinephric fat and renal fascia

A

surrounds kidneys and suprarenal glands

137
Q

renal hilum

A

where renal vasculature enters and exits, surrounded by fat-filled renal sinus

138
Q

renal cortex

A

outer layer and surrounded by fibrous capsule

139
Q

renal medulla

A

inner layer consisting of renal pyramids and renal columns

140
Q

renal pyramids

A

projects into depressions called minor calyces

141
Q

major calyces

A

connects with renal pelvis

142
Q

adrenal cortex

A

secretes corticosteroid hormones(stress hormones)

143
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic response)

144
Q

kidney blood supply

A

renal arteries from abdominal aorta that branch into five segmental arteries

145
Q

kidney drained by

A

renal veins that empty into inferior vena cava

146
Q

arteries of the ureters

A

branches of the renal arteries

147
Q

suprarenal glands supplied by

A

superior suprarenal arteries of the inferior phrenic artery, middle suprarenal arteries of abdominal aorta, and inferior suprarenal arteries of the renal arteries

148
Q

suprarenal glands drained by

A

right suprarenal vein and left suprarenal vein into the inferior vena cava

149
Q

kidneys innervated by

A

-sympathetic: least splanchnic nerve
-parasympathetic: vagal trunk

150
Q

suprarenal glands innervated by

A

-preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the celiac plexus that synapse with chromaffin cells

151
Q

chromaffin cells

A

secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into vasculature

Human anatomy (13 decks)

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