A.A. + urea cycle Flashcards
Ketogenic:
Glucogenic:
Both:
- Lys, Leu
- Ala, ser, glu, asp
- Trp, Ile
Improper intake of E.A.A.
Protein energy malnutrition
- Phase 1 of protein digestion occurs in _
- Enzymes involved
- Pepsinogen > pepsin via ?
- Stomach
- Gastrin, pepsin
- HCL
- Phase 2 of protein digestion occurs in _
- Enzymes involved
- Trypsinogen > trypsin via?
- Intestine
- Pancreozymin/cholecystokinin, secretin, trypsin
- Enterokinase
Deficiency of pancreatic secretion
Steatorrhea(Fatty poop)
A.A. absorption occurs in _
Intestine
A.A transport across serosal membranes is
Bidirectional
GSH should be high is which organs?
A.A. absorption via?
Transports A.A as _
- RBC, intestine, kidney
- Y-glutamyl cycle
- Dipeptides
GSH synthase deficiency
- Oxoprolinuria(hemolytic anemia)
- y-glu-cys accumulates
- Oxoproline excreted in urine
- Less GSH > oxidative stress
Proteases help recognize what protein to degrade. 2 types and their subtypes.
- Lysosomal: Cathepsins
- Cytosolic: Calpains, metalloproteinases
PEST sequences
- Proteins with short half life
- Pro, glu, ser, thr
D-oxidases
- Irreversible
- In peroxisomes of liver, kidney
- Uses FAD, FMN
Glutamate DH
- In mitochondria
- Reversible
- Glu > @KG + NH3
- Forward by NAD, backwards by NADPH
T/F: If NH3 is high, glutamate DH favors glutamate formation
True(backwards rxn)
Non-ox deamination:
Which A.A.?
- Enamine > imino > @ketoacid + NH3
- Ser, thr, cys
What forms the enamine?
Is it reversible?
Serine > ? and Thr > ?
- Serine/Threonine dehydratase(B6-requiring)
- No
- Serine > pyruvate and Thr > @ketobutyrate
Deamination of side chain amides
- Irreversible
- Gln > Glu + NH3 glutaminase
- Asn > Asp + NH3 asparginase
Transamination
- Reversible
- needs B6
- No NH3 production
- SGOT, SGPT, AST, ALT
Aminotransferases for most A.A are in _
Liver
Detox of NH3 > urea in _
Liver
Urea in circulation is filtered by _
Kidney
Blood high in urea?
Blood high in NH3?
- Kidney problem
- Liver problem
Muscle transports NH3 as _
Brain releases NH3 as _
- Alanine
- Glutamine(carries 2 NH3)
T/F: All reactions of the urea cycle occur in the mitochondria
False. Rxns 1,2 in mitochondria matrix while rxns 3,4,5 in cytoplasm
