A4.1 SL / HL

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

The change in the heritable characteristic of a population over time

Question 2

Heritable characteristics

Answer 2

traits that can be passed down from parent to offspring

Question 3

gametes

Answer 3

a reproductive cell of an animal or plant

Question 4

binary fission

Answer 4

a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

all the organisms of the same group or species that live in a specific area and are capable of breeding among themselves

Question 6

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 6

18th-century French naturalist and biologist. Lamarck is known for his classification of plants, invertebrates, and for a theory of evolution known asLamarckism

Question 7

Lamarckism

Answer 7

a theory of organic evolution claiming thatacquired characteristicsare transmitted to offspring

Question 8

Acquired characteristics

Answer 8

a non-heritable change in a function or structure of a living organism caused after birth by disease, injury, accident, deliberate modification, variation, repeated use, disuse, misuse, or other environmental influence

Question 9

Charles Darwin

Answer 9

Englishnaturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science

Question 10

Natural selection

Answer 10

a mechanism of evolution. Organisms that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success

Question 11

paradigm shift

Answer 11

a major change in the worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is accomplished

Question 12

DNA polymerases

Answer 12

enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA

Question 13

Mutations

Answer 13

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

Question 14

base sequence

Answer 14

The order of nucleotide bases in a DNA or RNA molecule

Question 15

gene

Answer 15

The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child

Question 16

Benign (silent) mutation

Answer 16

a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein produced

Question 17

Harmful mutation

Answer 17

variations in an organism’s genetic code that cause harmful changes in gene expression

Question 18

Beneficial mutation

Answer 18

variations in an organism’s genetic code that increase the fitness, survival, and competitive advantage of species

Question 19

Coronavirus variants

Answer 19

13 different variations of the coronvirus that appeared due to mutations

Question 20

SARS-CoV-2

Answer 20

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic

Question 21

D614G mutation

Answer 21

an amino acid change in the virus’s spike protein, D614G, emerged early during the pandemic that increase the ability for COVID-19 to infect cells

Question 22

Artificial selection

Answer 22

the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

Question 23

selective breeding

Answer 23

choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics

Question 24

teosinte

Answer 24

a group of primarily outcrossing species in the genus Zeaendemic to a region stretching from northern Mexico to Central America

Question 25

Wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea)

Answer 25

a plant species from family Brassicaceae that includes many common cultivars used as vegetables, such as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.

Question 26

Modern broiler

Answer 26

any chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that is bred and raised specifically for meat production

Question 27

Red Jungle Fowl

Answer 27

a species of tropical, predominantly terrestrial bird in the fowl and pheasant family, Phasianidae, found across much of Southeast and parts of South Asia

Question 28

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)

Answer 28

found in association with humans worldwide and in a wide variety of habitats

Question 29

gray wolves (Canis lupus)

Answer 29

the largest wild members of Canidae, or dog family

Question 30

Divergent evolution

Answer 30

the process by which two or more related species become increasingly different over time, often due to different environmental pressures or adaptations

Question 31

Homologous structures

Answer 31

anatomical features in different species that share a common ancestry, even though they may serve different functions

Question 32

Molecule sequence

Answer 32

the specific order of nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, which carry the genetic information necessary for the functioning and development of organisms

Question 33

Metabolic reactions

Answer 33

a chemical process in living systems that transforms molecules to make them more chemically stable, permeable, polar, and less toxic

Question 34

Embryotic development

Answer 34

The growth and formation of the embryo; the course of development that occurs during the time period beginning with the fertilization of the ovum and ending when the developing animal can no longer be considered an embryo, the criteria for which may vary widely and arbitrarily depending on species

Question 35

Vestigial structures

Answer 35

features of an organism that are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution

Question 36

Anatomical structures

Answer 36

a specific, identifiable part of an organism’s body, whether human or animal

Question 37

Pentadactyl limb

Answer 37

any limb that has five digits(e.g. five fingers or toes) Pentadactyl limbs are present in many species from many groups of organisms, including mammals, reptiles and amphibians

Question 38

tetrapod

Answer 38

vertebrates that have four limbs (2 arms and 2 legs)

Question 39

ungulates

Answer 39

a hoofed typically herbivorous quadruped mammal(such as a pig, cow, deer, horse, elephant, or rhinoceros)

Question 40

Convergent evolution

Answer 40

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities

Question 41

Analogous structures

Answer 41

features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature

Question 42

Tendrils

Answer 42

a specialized stem, leaf orpetiolewith a threadlike shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion byparasitic plantssuch as Cuscuta

Question 43

Speciation

Answer 43

the process, through evolution, that produces a new species of animal

Question 44

gene flow

Answer 44

the introduction of genetic material (by interbreeding) from one population of a species to another, thereby changing the composition of the gene pool of the receiving population

Question 45

Directional selection

Answer 45

the change in a phenotype or genotype of a population in one direction away from the mean (average) in a particular environment over time

Question 46

extinction events

Answer 46

a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth. Such an event is identified by a sharp fall in the diversity and abundance of multicellular organisms

Question 47

Reproductive isolation

Answer 47

a set of barriers that exist between different species that make them unable to breed and produce healthy offspring

Question 48

isolation mechanisms

Answer 48

The reproductive characteristics which prevent species from fusing

Question 49

Geographic isolation

Answer 49

the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers

Question 50

Behavioral isolation

Answer 50

when species arereproductively isolatedfrom others due to differences in behavior

Question 51

Temporal isolation

Answer 51

a reproductive barrier which prevents interbreeding between distinct but closely related species due to differences in the timing of mating receptivity, activity, or fertility

Question 52

Mechanical isolation

Answer 52

a physical incompatibility between reproductive organs of two organisms

Question 53

Chimpanzees

Answer 53

a species of great ape native to the forests and savannahs of tropical Africa.

Question 54

Bonobos

Answer 54

an African ape that’s slightly smaller than a chimpanzee. Known for being timid and peaceful, bonobo groups are also matriarchal, led by females

Question 55

differential selection

Answer 55

application of different selection pressure on related but separated popualtions due todifference in their environments