[A] Risk factors Flashcards
[PEERS] What do peers do?
Initiate youths into drugs, provide drugs and model drug using behaviours.
[PEERS] Who do adolescent smokers blame for their substance abuse?
Their friends.
[PEERS] What would social learning theory suggest?
Copying role models who are seen to be rewarded for addictive behaviour is how addiction begins.
[PEERS] What did Bricker find?
Peers who smoked were more important in initiation of smoking, but parents were more important in the maintenance of the habit.
[PEERS] What does social identity theory suggest?
We follow the norms of our in-group, people who are friends with smokers are more likely to be a smoker themselves.
[PEERS] What did Eiser et al find?
Adolescent smokers befriend smokers, whereas non-smokers befriend non-smokers.
[PERSONALITY] What did Eysenck suggest?
People develop an addictive habit because it fulfils a purpose related to their personality.
Neuroticism - negative and unstable emotions.
Psychoticism - emotional coldness and aggression.
[PERSONALITY] Why do extroverts seek external stimulation?
They are chronically under-aroused and bored.
[PERSONALITY] What did Gossop and Eysenck find?
A link betwee neurotic and psychotic personalities and addiction in a study of 200 drug users.
[PERSONALITY] What did Bloszczynski find?
Male addicts are more likely to be neurotic, female addicts are likely to be psychotic.
[STRESS] Why do many people say they drink, smoke or take drugs?
To relieve stress caused by daily hassles.
[STRESS] What can addiction develop to deal with?
Traumatic stress such as loss of a relative.
[STRESS] What did Kosten find?
Young rats who were stressed for one hour a day had a greater tendency to self-administer cocaine as adults.
[STRESS] What did Driessen et al find?
30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics suffer from PTSD.
[AGE] Who is most at risk of addiction?
Adolescents.
[AGE] Who’s behaviour does the media often focus on?
The behaviour of young addicts.
[AGE] What did Shram find?
Adolescents are most sensitive to the positive effects of nicotine and likely to ignore the negative ones.
[AGE] What did Fidler et al find?
Adolescents who tried a cigarette by the age of 11 were twice as likely to be regular smokers by the age of 14.
[AGE] What contradicts the idea that the young are more vulnerable to addiction?
46% of men over 75 drink daily, whereas 6% of 25-34 year olds do so.
[FILMS] How do films reinforce the message that smoking and drinking is rewarding?
They portray these behaviours in a glamorous and glorifying way.
[FILMS] What did Gunasekera find?
Out of 87 films from the last 20 years, cannabis use featured in 8%, tobacco in 68% and drunkenness in 32%.
[FILMS] What did Sulkunen find?
61 scenes from 47 different films portrayed drugs and alcohol in a positive light.
[FILMS] What did Dalton et al find?
A positive correlation between adolescent exposure to smoking in movies and the likelihood of adolescents beginning to smoke.
[FILMS] What did Sargent and Hanewinkel find?
They surveyed 4384 adolescents and found that exposure to movie smoking over the last year was a strong predictor of whether or not they began to smoke a year later.
