[A] Risk factors

Question 1

[PEERS] What do peers do?

Answer 1

Initiate youths into drugs, provide drugs and model drug using behaviours.

Question 2

[PEERS] Who do adolescent smokers blame for their substance abuse?

Answer 2

Their friends.

Question 3

[PEERS] What would social learning theory suggest?

Answer 3

Copying role models who are seen to be rewarded for addictive behaviour is how addiction begins.

Question 4

[PEERS] What did Bricker find?

Answer 4

Peers who smoked were more important in initiation of smoking, but parents were more important in the maintenance of the habit.

Question 5

[PEERS] What does social identity theory suggest?

Answer 5

We follow the norms of our in-group, people who are friends with smokers are more likely to be a smoker themselves.

Question 6

[PEERS] What did Eiser et al find?

Answer 6

Adolescent smokers befriend smokers, whereas non-smokers befriend non-smokers.

Question 7

[PERSONALITY] What did Eysenck suggest?

Answer 7

People develop an addictive habit because it fulfils a purpose related to their personality.
Neuroticism - negative and unstable emotions.
Psychoticism - emotional coldness and aggression.

Question 8

[PERSONALITY] Why do extroverts seek external stimulation?

Answer 8

They are chronically under-aroused and bored.

Question 9

[PERSONALITY] What did Gossop and Eysenck find?

Answer 9

A link betwee neurotic and psychotic personalities and addiction in a study of 200 drug users.

Question 10

[PERSONALITY] What did Bloszczynski find?

Answer 10

Male addicts are more likely to be neurotic, female addicts are likely to be psychotic.

Question 11

[STRESS] Why do many people say they drink, smoke or take drugs?

Answer 11

To relieve stress caused by daily hassles.

Question 12

[STRESS] What can addiction develop to deal with?

Answer 12

Traumatic stress such as loss of a relative.

Question 13

[STRESS] What did Kosten find?

Answer 13

Young rats who were stressed for one hour a day had a greater tendency to self-administer cocaine as adults.

Question 14

[STRESS] What did Driessen et al find?

Answer 14

30% of drug addicts and 15% of alcoholics suffer from PTSD.

Question 15

[AGE] Who is most at risk of addiction?

Answer 15

Adolescents.

Question 16

[AGE] Who’s behaviour does the media often focus on?

Answer 16

The behaviour of young addicts.

Question 17

[AGE] What did Shram find?

Answer 17

Adolescents are most sensitive to the positive effects of nicotine and likely to ignore the negative ones.

Question 18

[AGE] What did Fidler et al find?

Answer 18

Adolescents who tried a cigarette by the age of 11 were twice as likely to be regular smokers by the age of 14.

Question 19

[AGE] What contradicts the idea that the young are more vulnerable to addiction?

Answer 19

46% of men over 75 drink daily, whereas 6% of 25-34 year olds do so.

Question 20

[FILMS] How do films reinforce the message that smoking and drinking is rewarding?

Answer 20

They portray these behaviours in a glamorous and glorifying way.

Question 21

[FILMS] What did Gunasekera find?

Answer 21

Out of 87 films from the last 20 years, cannabis use featured in 8%, tobacco in 68% and drunkenness in 32%.

Question 22

[FILMS] What did Sulkunen find?

Answer 22

61 scenes from 47 different films portrayed drugs and alcohol in a positive light.

Question 23

[FILMS] What did Dalton et al find?

Answer 23

A positive correlation between adolescent exposure to smoking in movies and the likelihood of adolescents beginning to smoke.

Question 24

[FILMS] What did Sargent and Hanewinkel find?

Answer 24

They surveyed 4384 adolescents and found that exposure to movie smoking over the last year was a strong predictor of whether or not they began to smoke a year later.

Question 25

[ADVERTISING] What is television advertising particularly effective in encouraging?

Answer 25

Sales of addictive substances.

Question 26

[ADVERTISING] What did Chapman find?

Answer 26

Under-age smokers showed a preference for heavily advertised brands.

Question 27

[ADVERTISING] What did Charlton find?

Answer 27

Children who could name a brand of cigarette were no more likely to smoke than those who couldn’t.

Question 28

[ADVERTISING] How has the British government restricted advertising?

Answer 28

Banning all cigarette advertising in sports and on television.

Question 29

[ADVERTISING] Everyone is exposed to media, yet very few take up an addictive behaviour - what does this say about the media?

Answer 29

It does not have a strong effect on everyone, if at all.