[A] Cognitive approach to smoking Flashcards
[INITIATION] Why do individuals start smoking?
To relieve stress, smoking is used as a coping strategy.
[INITIATION] How can smoking make an individual feel?
More positive, alert and distracted from stressors.
[INITIATION] What do people believe about smoking?
It has positive consequences, such as making them feel better.
[INITIATION] What do faulty beliefs about smoking that are proved to be ‘correct’ do?
They strengthen motivation to smoke.
[INITIATION] What did Heishman find?
Smoking can help someone concentrate by creating increased attentional focus and enhanced performance of well-learned behaviour.
[INITIATION] What did Brandon and Baker suggest?
People begin to smoke because they expect it will relieve boredom.
[INITIATION] What is difficult to establish with regards to cognitive bias and subsequent smoking?
Cause and effect, it is not clear whether smoking causes bias or bias causes smoking.
[INITIATION] What is a problem with Brandon and Baker’s suggestion?
There is no evidence to support it, it is just a statement.
[MAINTENANCE] What do the smoker’s dysfunctional ideas do?
They become self-fulfilling, for example, a smoker who tries to quit becomes anxious, which makes them believe they cannot quit, so they smoke which then makes them feel even more anxious!
[MAINTENANCE] What else can explain continued smoking?
Self-efficacy, if an individual believes that can quit when they want and can do so when they wish they are more likely to continue.
[MAINTENANCE] How does Beck’s vicious cycle of addiction support the idea that smoking is maintained through self-fulfilling dysfunctional ideas?
Negative view of the self - the individual suffers negatively through unhappiness and loneliness.
Negative view of the circumstances - the individual suffers with illness or social worries.
Negative view of the future - they feel like they will always be ill or have no friends, so smoke to cheer themselves up.
[MAINTENANCE] What is an advantage of Beck’s vicious circle?
It allows for individual differences so can be applied to a wide range of different people.
[RELAPSE] What can cause relapse?
Negative feelings.
[RELAPSE] How can expectations cause relapse?
If someone has quit before, they are likely to believe they can simply quit again if they restart.
[RELAPSE] What did Tate et al find?
An experimental group (who were cognitively primed, told they would not experience side effects when quitting) were compared to a control group (who were not cognitively primed) and found the experimental group reported fewer cases of side effects such as the shakes and mood swings.
