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A & P II > A & P MIDTERM > Flashcards

A & P MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

steps of cardiac action potential

A

depolarization: Na+ channels open, Na+ rushes in
plateau: Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ slowly enters (K+ leaves also)
repolarization: K+ channels open, K+ flows out of cell

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2
Q

what vein brings blood back to the heart?

A

superior & inferior vena cava

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3
Q

blood pathway

A

-right atrium -> [tricuspid valve] -> right ventricle -> [pulmonary/ semilunar valve] -> lungs
-left atrium -> [bicuspid/ mitral] -> left ventricle -> aorta -> [aortic semilunar valve] -> systemic circulation

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4
Q

AV valves - tethered to heart strings by…

A

CHORDAE TENDINAE

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5
Q

AV VALVES

A

move blood from atria to ventricles
-tricuspid
-bicuspid

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6
Q

SV VALVES

A

move blood from ventricles to pulmonary circulations
-aortic
-pulmonary

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7
Q

fossa ovalis

A

goes from right atrium to left atrium = BYPASS (& ductus arterioles)

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8
Q

papillary muscles

A

attaches to chordae tendinae

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9
Q

pectinate muscles

A

in wall of right atrium

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10
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

in ventricles
-form ridges & convey electricity

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11
Q

coronary arteries (left & right)

A

LEFT: anterior interventricular branch, circumflex branch
RIGHT: posterior interventricular branch, marginal branch

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12
Q

first branch off aorta

A

coronary sinus

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13
Q

autonomic regulation - what it means for fibers to be auto rhythmic

A

“self excitable”
generate action potentials on their own & trigger cardiac muscle contractions
-SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle of HIS -> left & right bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

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14
Q

P WAVE

A

atrial depolarization (contraction)

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15
Q

QRS COMPLEX

A

depolarization of ventricles (contract) , atrial repolarization (relax)

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16
Q

T WAVE

A

repolarization of ventricles (relax)

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17
Q

S1 & S2 heart sounds

A

S1: closing of AV valves
S2: closing of SV valves

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18
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

pressure & volume = inversely proportional
pressure goes up, volume goes down

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19
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

gases behave independently from one another
(gas in mixture of gases has it own pressure)

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20
Q

Henry’s Law

A

partial pressures of gases in fluids (liquids)

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21
Q

Rule #1

A

substances flow from high concentration to low concentration (pressure)

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22
Q

when diaphragm & external intercostals contract during inhalation

A

volume in cavity increases
pressure decreases

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23
Q

trachea - C-shaped rings

A

hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

path of air

A

nasal cavity -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles

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25
Q

where do terminal bronchioles lead?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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26
Q

upper vs. lower respiratory tract

A

UPPER: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
LOWER: larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, segmental bronchi ….

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27
Q

EPIGLOTTIS (open vs. close)

A

open: during breathing
closed: during eating/ swallowing

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28
Q

where are vocal cords?

A

inside voice box (larynx)

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29
Q

hight pitch (vocal cords)

A

more tension on vocal cords

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30
Q

quiet inhalation (muscles)

A

diaphragm & external intercostals contract

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31
Q

quiet exhalation (muscles)

A

diaphragm & external intercostals relax

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32
Q

forced inhalation (muscles)

A

SCM, scalenes, pec minor contract

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33
Q

forced exhalation (muscles)

A

abdominal & internal intercostals contract

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34
Q

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors

A

baroreceptors & chemoreceptors = in aorta & coronary artery
proprioceptors = everwhere

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35
Q

TYPE I alveolar cells

A

main site of gas exchange

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36
Q

TYPE II alveolar cells

A

secrete surfactant

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37
Q

SURFACTANT

A

reduce surface tension

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38
Q

internal vs. external respiration

A

INTERNAL: in lungs & everywhere else
EXTERNAL: in alveoli

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39
Q

conducting vs. respiratory zone

A

CONDUCTING: no gas exchange occurs here
RESPIRATORY: gas exchange occurs here (starts at respiratory bronchioles)

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40
Q

how oxygen is transported in blood

A

hemoglobin (98.5%)
-binds 4 iron & 4 oxygen molecules

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41
Q

how carbon dioxide is carried in blood

A

bicarbonate

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42
Q

factors that encourage hemoglobin to let go of oxygen molecules

A

-oxygen partial pressure
-Acidity / pH
Carbon dioxide partial pressures
Temperature
BGP: 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate

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43
Q

normal quiet breathing

A

EUPNIA

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44
Q

costal breathing

A

deep, laboured breathing

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45
Q

CISTERNA OF CHYLI

A

origin of left (thoracic) duct
drain to lumber & lower extremeties

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46
Q

left duct vs. right duct

A

RIGHT: drains right upper body & head
LEFT: drains rest of body

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47
Q

LYMPH NODES (T-cell sandwich)

A

CORTEX:
-outer: B cells in lymphatic nodules
-inner: T cell
MEDULLA: B cells, plasma cells, macrophages

48
Q

flow of lymph through a lymph node

A

Afferent vessel → subcasular sinus → trabeculae sinus → medullary sinus → efferent vessel → (out through hilum)

49
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (in GI tract, urinary tract)

50
Q

PEYER’S PATCHES

A

large cluster of lymphatic nodule (type of malt)
-in small intestine

51
Q

LACTEALS

A

specialized lymphatic capillaries around small intestine
-absorbe CHYLE

52
Q

innate immunity

A

present at birth
-first line of defense: skin, mucosa, hairs, fluids
-second line of defense: fever, inflammation, NK cells, phagocytes

53
Q

adaptive immunity

A

acquired over a lifetime
-cell mediated: T cells, T helper, cytotoxic T cells
-antibody mediated: B cells, plasma cells

54
Q

NK cells & phagocytes

A

innate immunity
second line of defense

55
Q

B cells

A

adaptive immunity
antibody mediated
active = plasma cells

56
Q

cell mediated

A

-T cells
-T helper cells
-Cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

antigen presenting cells

A

-dendritic cells
-macrophages
-B cells

58
Q

which type of cells have MHC I

A

T cells

59
Q

which cells have MHC II

A

antigen presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic, B cells)

60
Q

which MHC molecule interacts with T helper cell

A

MHC II

61
Q

MHC with cytotoxic cells

A

MHC I

62
Q

do adults have a thymus?

A

NO
only active in fetus

63
Q

how do cytotoxic cells & NK cells kill?

A

perforins
granzymes
granulyzin

64
Q

3 things that activate compliment system

A

antibodies bind antigens, lipids & carbs on microbes, macrophages release lectins

65
Q

3 things that result from compliment system

A

increase phagocytosis, histamine is released, formation of membrane attack complex

66
Q

antibody that arrives first

A

IgM

67
Q

antibody - breast milk

A

IgA

68
Q

antibody - allergies

A

IgE

69
Q

antibody - most abundant & crosses placenta

A

IgG

70
Q

antibody - activates B cells

A

IgD

71
Q

antibody - mast cells & basophils

A

IgE

72
Q

B & T cells born

A

red bone marrow

73
Q

where is the most red bone marrow found?

A

flat bones (hip, epiphysis of long bone)

74
Q

where T cells mature

A

THYMUS

75
Q

SPLEEN - red pulp vs. white pulp

A

RED: where RBC’s go to die - fetus, platelet production
WHITE: carry out immune function

76
Q

order of phagocytosis

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. adherence
  3. ingestion
  4. digestion
  5. death
77
Q

where are your kidneys?

A

retroperitoneal space

78
Q

innate immunity (primary vs. secondary)

A

PRIMARY: fatty acids, skin, hair, fluids, lysosomes
SECONDARY: fever, inflammation (PRISH) (VET), macrophages

79
Q

what cells get to sight of infection first?

A

neutrophils

80
Q

EPITOPE

A

part of antibody that is recognized by antigen

81
Q

AGGULATION - proteins responsible?

A

antibodies (clumping / binding)

82
Q

CYTOKINE

A

-Interferons
-Interleukins
-Erythropoietin
-Tumor necrosis factor

83
Q

what happens at afferent arteriole when hydrogen ions are put from blood to filtrate

A

-increase pH filtrate
-decrease pH of blood

83
Q

VACCINES

A

responsible for artificial immunity

83
Q

DIURETICS

A

caffeine
alcohol

83
Q

cells in juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

-Macula Densa cells – specialized cells in ascending loop of Henle
-Juxtaglomerular cells – modified smooth muscle fibers, specialized cells in walls of afferent arteriole

84
Q

5 tonsils

A

-pharyngeal (adenoid)
-2 palatine
-2 lingual

85
Q

functions of urinary system

A

-excretion of wastes
-regulation of blood ions, pH, BV, PB, blood glucose
-maintenance of blood osmolarity
-production of hormones

86
Q

HILUM

A

renal pelvis, calyces, renal blood vessels & nerves

87
Q

path of urine drainage through kidney

A

nephron -> collecting duct -> papillary duct -> minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureters -> urinary bladder -> urethra

88
Q

glomerular filtration: 3 layers

A

-fenestrations
-basement membrane
-podocytes with pedicles

89
Q

how much urine can be held in the bladder?

A

700-800 ml (1-2L excreted a day)

90
Q

filtration pressure

A

-glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (promote filtration = +)
-capsular hydrostatic & blood colloid osmotic pressure (oppose filtration = -)

91
Q

what do you pump in the ascending limb?

A

Na+ / SALT

92
Q

what is secreted at the DCT?

A

K+ by leakage
H+ by pumps

93
Q

DYSURIA

A

painful urination

94
Q

ENURESIS

A

involuntary voiding

95
Q

NOCTURNAL ENURESIS

A

night time bed wetting

96
Q

UREMIA

A

toxic levels of urea in bloodstream

97
Q

POLYURIA

A

excessive urination

98
Q

detrusor layers

A

-inner longitudinal: relaxed when peeing
-middle circular: involuntary
-outer longitudinal: voluntary

99
Q

blood supply to kidneys form abdominal aorta

A

renal artery off abdominal aorta -> segmental arteries -> interlobar -> arcuate -> cortical radiate -> afferent arterioles -> glomerular capillaries -> efferent arterioles

100
Q

2 types of nephrons (which dip further into medulla)

A

-juxtamedullary nephron: LONG loop of Henle
-cortical nephron: SHORT loop of Henle

101
Q

type of cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

-macula densa cells: specialized cells in ascending limb
-juxtaglomerular cells: modified smooth muscle fibers specialized in walls of afferent arteriole -> secrete renin

102
Q

podocyte with pedicle

A

foot like processes that form filtration slits - allows smaller proteins, water, vitamins

103
Q

mechanisms that allow kidneys to autoregulate

A

-myogenic mechanism
-macula densa feedback
-neuroregulation
-hormonal regulation
-homeostatic regulation

104
Q

angiotensin II

A

decrease GFR
increase BV/BP

105
Q

ANP

A

increase GFR
decrease BV/BP

106
Q

ADH

A

increase BV/BP, decrease urine output (aquaporins)

107
Q

aldosterone

A

increase water reabsorption & water volume
increase BP

108
Q

different roots of transport between cells

A

-paracellular: move substances between leaky cells
-transcellular: move substances between individual tubule cell

109
Q

how much water is reabsorbed & where

A

PCT - 65%
Descending loop - 15%
DCT - 20%

110
Q

what is secreted & absorbed at the PCT

A

ABSORBED: water, Na, glucose, Cl, AA, bicarbonate, Mg, Ca
EXCRETED: H+, urea, creatinine, ammonium

111
Q

where is urea recycled?

A

collecting duct

112
Q

filtrate passing through a nephron in order

A

NEPHRON -> PCT, Descending limb -> ascending limb -> DCT -> collecting duct

113
Q

layers of ureter (internal to external)

A

-mucosa
-lamina propria
-muscularis
-adventitia

A & P II (9 decks)

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