A & P - ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Flashcards
ENDOCRINE & EXOCRINE secretions
ENDOCRINE: secrete into BLOODSTREAM
EXOCRINE: secrete into DUCTS
FAT soluble hormones
directly enter cells nucleus which change DNA being expressed
WATER soluble hormones
require first & second messengers because they are unable to enter cell
what is required to make a thyroid hormone?
IODINE & TYROSINE
NITRIC OXIDE
-is a gas
-acts both as transmitter & hormone
-produced in endothelial cells that line blood vessels
-is a potent VASODILATOR
EICOSANOIDS
Increase inflammation
Leukotrienes & prostaglandins
Act as signalling hormones
NOT fat soluble
made of arachidonic acid
Where do the nervous system & endocrine system most directly communicate?
HYPOTHALAMUS
Insulin-like Growth Factor is produced in the liver in response to which hormone from the pituitary gland?
Human Growth hormone
Which hormones stimulate maturation of Oocytes in females?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Which hormone stimulates sperm production in males?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
Which hormone triggers ovulation in hormones?
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Which hormones are stored & released in the posterior pituitary?
ADH, Oxytocin
Which tissues are targets for oxytocin?
Uterus & breasts (mammary glands)
Substances produced by the thyroid gland
T3
T4
Thyroid binding globulin (TBG) - thyroglobulin
Effects of the thyroid gland
Increase BMR
Enhance catecholamines
Regulates development & growth of nervous & bone tissue
Hormones released by hypothalamus
TRH
GHRH
GHIH
NOT Thyroid stimulating hormone
What promotes thyroid gland secretion?
Low levels of T3 & T4 in blood
Increase TRH from hypothalamus
Increase TSH secretion from anterior pituitary
High blood Ca2+
Low BMR
NOT high levels of T3 & T4 in blood
Where is calcitonin produced?
Parafollicular cells of thyroid
When calcitonin secretion of the thyroid gland increases…
Osteoclast activity decreases so blood calcium levels decrease
When parathyroid hormone levels increase…
Osteoclast activity increases, so blood calcium level increases
Low levels of blood calcium would directly result in…
Increase PTH, decreased Calcitonin
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
NOT cortisol
ZONA GLOMERULUS
Secretes ALDOSTERONE
ZONA FASCICULATA
Secretes CORTISOL
ZONA RETICULARIS
Secretes ANDROGENS
Pancreatic alpha & beta cells produce…
ALPHA → glucagon
BETA → insulin
Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis in which type of cells?
Hepatocytes
Promoting & suppressing appetite
PROMOTE = Ghrelin
SUPPRESS = Leptin
Which systems are NOT inhibited during a stress response (think running from a bear – you won’t want to “eat” or “pee”)
Cardiovascular system = BEING USED
Urinary system
Digestive system
Reproductive system
What triggers the release of RENIN from the kidneys?
Decrease in BP
What promotes aldosterone secretion from the adrenal glands?
Angiotensin II, from LUNGS
What does aldosterone do?
Increase BP
Increase Na/ Cl reabsorption
Increase K+ secretion
DOES NOT increase urine output
Paracrine hormones
act on neighbouring cells
Autocrine hormones
act on themselves
Anterior Pituitary
Adenohypophysis
(75% of total weight)
Posterior Pituitary
Neurohypophysis
(neural tissue)
Hypothalamus Capillaries
drain through hypophyseal portal system to capillaries in the anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
what does the Hypophyseal Portal System connect?
connects hypothalamus to anterior pituitary (blood supply)
What is going to change the activities of hypothalamus?
Concentration of hormones in blood (has direct effect on hypothalamus)
low levels in blood of T3 & T4
promotes thyroid gland secretions
Estrogen & progesterone
secreted from glands
HCG stimulates…
Corpus Luteum
stress response - chronic stress
Leads to adrenal burnout
5 main glands in endocrine system
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Hormones affecting a local / distal environment in 3 ways
Autocrine = same cell
Paracrine = neighboring
Endocrine = into bloodstream
Response of a target cell to a hormone depends on 3 things
Hormone concentration in blood
Abundance of hormone receptors
Influence exerted by other hormones
THYMUS (thymosin)
increase T cell development
melatonin
source: pineal gland
darkness increases melatonin which increases sleep
anterior pituitary gland - cells types (5)
somatotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs
lactotrophs
corticotrophs
infundibulum attaches the hypothalamus to pituitary gland - blood flow
blood flows from hypothalamus to pituitary
atrial natriuretic peptide
decrease BP
what does T3 & T4 do and where does it come from
thyroid follicular cells
increase BMR
lipid soluble hormones
aldosterone & cortisol (cerebral cortex)
calcitrol (kidneys)
testosterone (testes)
estrogen & progesterone (ovaries)
water soluble hormones
peptides
protein hormones
eicosanoids
what do somatotrophs produce
human growth hormone
what do thyrotropes secrete
thyroid hormone
what do gonadotrophs make
FSH & LH
what do lactotrophs secrete
prolactin
in a lipid soluble hormone, where are the receptors?
inside target cell
3 functions of transport proteins
make lipid soluble hormones temporarily water soluble
slow down filtration
provides hormones in bloodstream
decrease of blood pressure in kidneys causes…
increased renin secretion
what do corticotrophs secrete
ACTH
MSH
2 releasing inhibiting hormones
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)
what regulates metabolism
growth hormone
liver produces what
insulin growth factors
what does glucagon produce & what does it do
alpha cells
increase blood glucose
what does insulin produce & what does it do
beta cells
decrease blood glucose
what does somatostatin produce & what does it do
delta cells
inhibits both glucagon & insulin
