A & P - GI, DIGESTION, METABOLISM, NUTRITION Flashcards by gabi beselt

4 layers of GI tract

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serous/ adventitia

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where does the GI tract start & end?

start: mouth
end: rectum

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where are salivary glands?

(in mouth)
-sublingual glands: underneath tongue
-parotid glands: buccal region
-submandibular glands: under chin/ below mandible

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chemical vs. mechanical digestion

(break down large food to be absorbed)
CHEMICAL: salivary enzymes
MECHANICAL: mix food with secretions

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ESOPHAGUS - 3 parts

-top: skeletal muscle
-middle: half skeletal, half smooth muscle
-bottom: all smooth muscle

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sphincter that lets you go from esophagus to stomach

CARDIAC SPHINCTER
(involuntary control)

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stomach digestion

both mechanical & chemical digestion
-chemical: hydrochloric acid
-mechanical: churning -> PARISTALSIS

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types of cells that line the stomach

-mucous neck cells: secrete alkaline mucous (basic mucous)
-chief cells: secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase
-parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor (IF)
-G cells: secrete gastrin

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accessory organs that help with digestion

PANCREAS: secrete hormones & enzymes
LIVER: makes bile stored in gallbladder
->micelle = fat around bile
->transportable form of fat = chylomicron
->LIGAMENTS: teres (round ligament), falciform (connects liver to abdominal wall), coronary (crown, attached to diaphragm)

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function unit of liver

ACINI - shaped like a hexagon

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FOLDS

omentum (greater & lesser), mesocolon, mesentary

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GREATER OMENTUM (folds)

attached to transverse colon (greater curvature)

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LESSER OMENTUM (folds)

attached to stomach “J” (lesser curvature)
-stomach folds (muscularis mucosa) = rugae
-large intestine folds = teniae coli/ haustra
-folds with muscularis = plicae circulares

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HEPATIC TRIAD - 3 anatomical structures

bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein

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secretions- after you eat & fasting

after you eat = insulin
fasting = glucagon

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hormones released by beta islet cells

Langerhan cells
-glucagon & insulin

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which proteins & enzymes digest what

lipase = FAT
trypsin = PROTEIN
chymotrypsin = PROTEAS

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small intestine absorption

90% of absorption
-DUODENUM: CCK (cholecystokinin) -> causes gallbladder to release bile
-JUJENUM: has S cells
-ILEUM

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COLON order

-ascending
-transverse
-descending
-sigmoid
-rectum/ anus

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VITAMIN K

large intestine -> feces
(only thing absorbed in large intestine, + vitamin B)
-helps with blood clotting (prevent blood loss)

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what does metabolism consist of?

anabolism & catabolism

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CATABOLISM

break down larger molecules into smaller ones

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ANABOLISM

takes smaller molecules & creates larger ones

what happens after you eat vs. between meals

after you eat: absorptive state - using/ burning glucose, make ATP
between meals: post absorptive state - burning ATP, make glucose

cellular respiration - 4 steps

1. GLYCOLYSIS: turns glucose into pyruvate (in cytosol) 2. PYRUVATE: AcCoA (in mitochondria) 3. AcCoA: goes to Krebs [NADH, FADH] (in mitochondria) 4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC): (in mitochondria)

cellular respiration - ATP & H2O

32 ATP 6 H2O

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

-glycolysis: break down of glucose -> into pyruvate -glycogenolysis: break down of glycogen -> into glucose -glycogenosis: making glycogen -> glucose -gluconeogenesis: making glucose -> from fat & protein

what is the stored form of glucose?

GLYCOGEN (extra glucose) -75% in skeletal muscle -25% in liver

the first step in fat metabolism

BETA-OXIDATION -main type of fat that you eat = triglyceride

what is fat?

stored form of energy

how much of your fat is stored in the subcutaneous layer?

50%

AMINO ACIDS

you can't store amino acids in the body (protein -> long term)

essential vs. non-essential amino acids

(ALL of the above) ESSENTIAL: can not be synthesized - must be present in diet NON-ESSENTIAL: can be synthesized - by body cells

VITAMIN D (function & deficiency)

function: regulates calcium, magnesium, phosphate deficiency: Ricket's (children), osteomalacia (adults)

VITAMIN K (function & main source)

function: necessary in blood clotting main source = produced by gut bacteria

VITAMIN B1 (function & deficiency)

function: carbohydrate metabolism deficiency: Beri Beri

VITAMIN B3 (function & deficiency)

function: carbohydrate metabolism deficiency: Pellagra (disease)

VITAMIN B12 (function & deficiency)

-needs vitamin B9 to activate it -needed to make HEME deficiency: anemia

minerals in the body

calcium - most predominant mineral phosphorus

Ca2+ (function & deficiency)

function: bone mineralization deficiency: Ricket's (kids), osteomalacia & osteoporosis (adults) -osteoblasts: active when Ca2+ is low (build up bone) -osteoclasts: active when Ca2+ is high (break down bone)

MAGNESIUM (Mg) function

muscle relaxation

SODIUM (Na2+)

-extracellular fluid control -water balance -acid-base balance -muscle contraction -nerve impulse

FLUORIDE (function & deficiency)

function: proper formation of bones & teeth deficiency: cavities

fat vs water soluble vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE: K, A, D, E WATER SOLUBLE: B, C

where are all vitamin absorbed?

small intestine

thirst regulation

PITUITARY GLAND of hypothalamus (FAST) CEREBRAL CORTEX (SLOW)

how much water needs to be lost to feel dehydrated?

pancreatic juices

mostly water, salts, bicarbonate, enzymes

Kupffer cells in liver

phagocytes, clean up crew

what do feces contain?

50% original food 40% bacteria

% of FUEL

60% used for body temp 40% used for useful chemical reactions

trans fat

=BAD cannot be broken down

IODINE

important for function of thyroid

retroperitoneal space - organs

Kidneys & ureters Adrenal glands Most of pancreas Aorta (abdominal) Inferior vena cava

pancreatic juices

cluster of cells = ACINI → secrete fluids & digestive enzymes

what are vitamins

soluble fat