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A & P II > A & P - GI, DIGESTION, METABOLISM, NUTRITION > Flashcards

A & P - GI, DIGESTION, METABOLISM, NUTRITION Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serous/ adventitia

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2
Q

where does the GI tract start & end?

A

start: mouth
end: rectum

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3
Q

where are salivary glands?

A

(in mouth)
-sublingual glands: underneath tongue
-parotid glands: buccal region
-submandibular glands: under chin/ below mandible

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4
Q

chemical vs. mechanical digestion

A

(break down large food to be absorbed)
CHEMICAL: salivary enzymes
MECHANICAL: mix food with secretions

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5
Q

ESOPHAGUS - 3 parts

A

-top: skeletal muscle
-middle: half skeletal, half smooth muscle
-bottom: all smooth muscle

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6
Q

sphincter that lets you go from esophagus to stomach

A

CARDIAC SPHINCTER
(involuntary control)

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7
Q

stomach digestion

A

both mechanical & chemical digestion
-chemical: hydrochloric acid
-mechanical: churning -> PARISTALSIS

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8
Q

types of cells that line the stomach

A

-mucous neck cells: secrete alkaline mucous (basic mucous)
-chief cells: secrete pepsinogen & gastric lipase
-parietal cells: produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor (IF)
-G cells: secrete gastrin

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9
Q

accessory organs that help with digestion

A

PANCREAS: secrete hormones & enzymes
LIVER: makes bile stored in gallbladder
->micelle = fat around bile
->transportable form of fat = chylomicron
->LIGAMENTS: teres (round ligament), falciform (connects liver to abdominal wall), coronary (crown, attached to diaphragm)

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10
Q

function unit of liver

A

ACINI - shaped like a hexagon

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11
Q

FOLDS

A

omentum (greater & lesser), mesocolon, mesentary

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12
Q

GREATER OMENTUM (folds)

A

attached to transverse colon (greater curvature)

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13
Q

LESSER OMENTUM (folds)

A

attached to stomach “J” (lesser curvature)
-stomach folds (muscularis mucosa) = rugae
-large intestine folds = teniae coli/ haustra
-folds with muscularis = plicae circulares

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14
Q

HEPATIC TRIAD - 3 anatomical structures

A

bile duct
hepatic artery
portal vein

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15
Q

secretions- after you eat & fasting

A

after you eat = insulin
fasting = glucagon

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16
Q

hormones released by beta islet cells

A

Langerhan cells
-glucagon & insulin

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17
Q

which proteins & enzymes digest what

A

lipase = FAT
trypsin = PROTEIN
chymotrypsin = PROTEAS

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18
Q

small intestine absorption

A

90% of absorption
-DUODENUM: CCK (cholecystokinin) -> causes gallbladder to release bile
-JUJENUM: has S cells
-ILEUM

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19
Q

COLON order

A

-ascending
-transverse
-descending
-sigmoid
-rectum/ anus

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20
Q

VITAMIN K

A

large intestine -> feces
(only thing absorbed in large intestine, + vitamin B)
-helps with blood clotting (prevent blood loss)

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21
Q

what does metabolism consist of?

A

anabolism & catabolism

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22
Q

CATABOLISM

A

break down larger molecules into smaller ones

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23
Q

ANABOLISM

A

takes smaller molecules & creates larger ones

24
Q

what happens after you eat vs. between meals

A

after you eat: absorptive state - using/ burning glucose, make ATP
between meals: post absorptive state - burning ATP, make glucose

25
Q

cellular respiration - 4 steps

A
  1. GLYCOLYSIS: turns glucose into pyruvate (in cytosol)
  2. PYRUVATE: AcCoA (in mitochondria)
  3. AcCoA: goes to Krebs [NADH, FADH] (in mitochondria)
  4. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC): (in mitochondria)
26
Q

cellular respiration - ATP & H2O

A

32 ATP
6 H2O

27
Q

GLUCOSE METABOLISM

A

-glycolysis: break down of glucose -> into pyruvate
-glycogenolysis: break down of glycogen -> into glucose
-glycogenosis: making glycogen -> glucose
-gluconeogenesis: making glucose -> from fat & protein

28
Q

what is the stored form of glucose?

A

GLYCOGEN (extra glucose)
-75% in skeletal muscle
-25% in liver

29
Q

the first step in fat metabolism

A

BETA-OXIDATION
-main type of fat that you eat = triglyceride

30
Q

what is fat?

A

stored form of energy

31
Q

how much of your fat is stored in the subcutaneous layer?

A

50%

32
Q

AMINO ACIDS

A

you can’t store amino acids in the body
(protein -> long term)

33
Q

essential vs. non-essential amino acids

A

(ALL of the above)
ESSENTIAL: can not be synthesized - must be present in diet
NON-ESSENTIAL: can be synthesized - by body cells

34
Q

VITAMIN D (function & deficiency)

A

function: regulates calcium, magnesium, phosphate
deficiency: Ricket’s (children), osteomalacia (adults)

35
Q

VITAMIN K (function & main source)

A

function: necessary in blood clotting
main source = produced by gut bacteria

36
Q

VITAMIN B1 (function & deficiency)

A

function: carbohydrate metabolism
deficiency: Beri Beri

37
Q

VITAMIN B3 (function & deficiency)

A

function: carbohydrate metabolism
deficiency: Pellagra (disease)

38
Q

VITAMIN B12 (function & deficiency)

A

-needs vitamin B9 to activate it
-needed to make HEME
deficiency: anemia

39
Q

minerals in the body

A

calcium - most predominant mineral
phosphorus

40
Q

Ca2+ (function & deficiency)

A

function: bone mineralization
deficiency: Ricket’s (kids), osteomalacia & osteoporosis (adults)
-osteoblasts: active when Ca2+ is low (build up bone)
-osteoclasts: active when Ca2+ is high (break down bone)

41
Q

MAGNESIUM (Mg) function

A

muscle relaxation

42
Q

SODIUM (Na2+)

A

-extracellular fluid control
-water balance
-acid-base balance
-muscle contraction
-nerve impulse

43
Q

FLUORIDE (function & deficiency)

A

function: proper formation of bones & teeth
deficiency: cavities

44
Q

fat vs water soluble vitamins

A

FAT SOLUBLE: K, A, D, E
WATER SOLUBLE: B, C

45
Q

where are all vitamin absorbed?

A

small intestine

46
Q

thirst regulation

A

PITUITARY GLAND of hypothalamus (FAST)
CEREBRAL CORTEX (SLOW)

47
Q

how much water needs to be lost to feel dehydrated?

A

5%

48
Q

pancreatic juices

A

mostly water, salts, bicarbonate, enzymes

49
Q

Kupffer cells in liver

A

phagocytes, clean up crew

50
Q

what do feces contain?

A

50% original food
40% bacteria

51
Q

% of FUEL

A

60% used for body temp
40% used for useful chemical reactions

52
Q

trans fat

A

=BAD
cannot be broken down

53
Q

IODINE

A

important for function of thyroid

54
Q

retroperitoneal space - organs

A

Kidneys & ureters
Adrenal glands
Most of pancreas
Aorta (abdominal)
Inferior vena cava

55
Q

pancreatic juices

A

cluster of cells = ACINI → secrete fluids & digestive enzymes

56
Q

what are vitamins

A

soluble fat

A & P II (9 decks)

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