A & P LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
3 functions of lymphatic system
- drains excess interstitial fluid
- transports dietary lipids (fat)
- carries out immune response
order of lymphatic flow
lymphatic capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> regional lymph nodes -> lymphatic trunks -> lymphatic ducts
2 pumps - lymph flow
-respiratory pump: pressure changes during inhalation
-skeletal muscle pump: milking action of calf muscles (compress forces upward)
what does left lymphatic (thoracic) duct drain?
L head
Neck
L upper body
L & R lower body
what does right lymphatic duct drain?
R upper body & head
what does bronchomediastinal drain?
heart
lungs
thoracic cavity
Cisterna of Chyli
structure in abdomen that drains to left lymphatic duct
-collects lymph from lumbar & interstitial trunks
what is a lacteal?
specialized lymphatic capillaries (around small intestines) that absorb fat
primary lymphatic organs
(where stem cells divide & differentiate into immune cells)
-red bone marrow
-thymus
secondary lymphatic organs & tissues
(where immune responses occur)
-lymph nodes
-spleen
-lymphatic nodules
where are B-cells born & mature?
born: red bone marrow
mature: red bone marrow
types of B-cells
plasma (Pm)
memory (Bm)
where are T-cells born & mature?
born: red bone marrow
mature: thymus
types of T-cells
T-helper cells (CD4 -> MCH II)
Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8 -> MCH I)
Memory T-cells (Tm)
Lymph node regions
(T-cell sandwich)
CORTEX:
-outer: B-cells in lymphatic nodules
-inner: T-cells & dendritic cells
MEDULLA: B-cells, antibody producing plasma cells & macrophages
mechanisms of fluid balance
(all of the above)
-anchoring filament
-overlapping
-pressure difference
root of travel within lymph nodes
afferent vessels -> subcapsular sinus -> trabecular sinus -> medullary sinus -> OUT through efferent vessels at hilum
patches of lymphatic tissue (nodules)
MALT: mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
INNATE IMMUNITY
1st line of defence (born with): skin & hair, mucous, cilia, gastric juices, fatty acids, lysosomes
2nd line of defence (acquired over lifetime): internal antimicrobial substances, NK cells (perforins, granzymes, granulysin), phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages), inflammation, fever
killer cells
NK cells
T-cells
killing enzymes
perforins (stabbers)
granzymes (apoptosis)
granulysin
5 phases of phagocytosis
- chemotaxis
- adherence
- ingestion
- digestion
- death
S & S of inflammation
S - swelling
H - heat
A - altered function
R - redness
P - pain
3 stages of inflammation
- V - vasodilation & increased permeability
- E - emigration of phagocytes
- T - tissue repair (remodelling)
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
-antibody mediated (B-cells): B cells (produce plasma cells), memory B-cells, plasma cells
-cell mediated (T-cells): helper T-cells, cytotoxic cells, memory T-cells
antigen presenting cells
B-cells
macrophages
dendritic cells
lymphatic vs. blood capillaries
lymphatic capillaries are larger & more permeable
cell differentiation into another cell
pluripotent stem cell (ability to morph into many other different cells)
what kind of cells live inside lymph nodes?
B-cells
T-cells
macrophages
inguinal lymph node
in / near groin
SPLEEN - red pulp vs. white pulp
red pulp: RBC death
white pulp: B & T-cells carry out immune functions
what tonsils do you get removed?
palatine tonsils
what antibody (immunoglobulin) activates B-cells?
IgD
what antibody is found in breast milk?
IgA
Type I anaphylactic hypersensitivity (antibody)
IgE
what antibody is most abundant (80%), crosses placenta, and has long term immunity
IgG
what antibody is 1st, short lived, & activates compliment system?
IgM
what cells produces antibodies (immunoglobulins)?
B cells / plasma cells
this type of allergic reaction involves antibodies & antigen ONLY
type II cytotoxic reaction
T helper cells bind __ to active __
MHC II , activate B cells
cytotoxic T cells bind __ in __
MHC I, in cell mediated
what 3 things activate the compliment system?
- when antibodies bind antigens
- lipids & carbs on microbes
- macrophages release lectins
what 3 things result from the compliment system?
- increase phagocytosis
- histamine is released
- formation of membrane attack complex