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a&p ch 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Monomer of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides
Pentode sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base

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1
Q

Name the two nuclei acids

A

RNA & DNA

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2
Q

What nitrogen bases are DNA made of

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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3
Q

What nitrogen bases are RNA made of

A

Adenine
Urasil
Cytosine
Guanine

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4
Q

Characteristics of DNA

A

Deoxyribose
2 Chains
In nucleus
Has thymine

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5
Q

Characteristics of RNA

A

Ribose
1 chain
Urasil
In nucleus and cytoplasm

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6
Q

What is an element? Example

A

Substance made of only one type of atom

Ex.: Hydrogen

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7
Q

Which elements make up 96% of our body?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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8
Q

Name difference between molecule and compound

A

Molecule - 2 or more like atoms combined chemically

Compound - 2 or more atoms from different elements combined chemically

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9
Q

What is an atom?

A

Building blocks of elements

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10
Q

Names, locations, charges and masses for three subatomic particles

A

Proton - nucleus, positive, 1
Electron - electron cloud, negative, -1
Neutron - nucleus, neutral, 0

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11
Q

Atomic number equals?

A

of protons

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12
Q

Atomic weight equals?

A

Sum of protons and neutrons

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13
Q

of neutrons equals?

A

Atomic mass — atomic number

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14
Q

Octet rule

A

Every atom wants to have eight valence electrons in its outer shell

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15
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of an element with different atomic weights

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16
Q

Radioisotope

A

Heavy isotope that is unstable and spontaneously decomposes to for, a more stable isotope

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17
Q

Why are isotopes important in medicine?

A

Can be used to detect or treat disease

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18
Q

Three types of radiation given off by radioisotopes?

A

Gamma, Beta, Alpha

19
Q

What’s an ion?

A

A charged atom or molecule

20
Q

Two types of ions?

A

Anions - negative

Cations - positive

21
Q

How are electrons distributed in covalent and ionic bonds?

A

Covalent - atoms share electrons

Ionic - electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

22
Q

Difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds?

A

Nonpolar - electrons shared equally between atoms; neutral

Polar - unequal sharing of electrons; has partial positive and negative sides

23
Q

What are hydrogen bonds? Importance?

A

Attraction between positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule and negative portion of another polar molecule

-provide attraction between molecules

24
Q

3 types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis Reaction - A + B = AB
Decomp Reaction - AB = A + B
Exchange Reaction - AB = AC + B

25
Q

Properties of water?

A
  • high heat capacity
  • polarity/solvent properties
  • chemical reactivity
  • cushioning
26
Q

Why are salts important for the body?

A

Provide necessary ions

Play important roles in metabolic processes

27
Q

Range of pH scale?

A

0-14

28
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration

29
Q

What is the difference in H ion concentration between numbers on pH scale

A

Each one-unit change in the pH scale corresponds to a ten-fold change in hydrogen ion concentration.

30
Q

What’s an organic compound?

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen

31
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Provide energy for cellular activities and are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

32
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Make up cell membranes and supply energy for cellular activities

33
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • Provide construction materials for body tissues
  • plays vital role in cell function
  • acts as enzymes, hormones and antibodies
34
Q

Functions of nucleic acids

A

Form genes and take part in protein synthesis

35
Q

Monomers of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

36
Q

Monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

37
Q

Monomers of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

38
Q

Monomers of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

39
Q

Three types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharide

40
Q

Components of an amino acid?

A

Carboxyl group, amino group, and an R group

41
Q

4 levels of protein structure?

A

Primary structure - sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure - pleated or twisted into a coil
Tertiary structure - more pleats and twists into a globular form
Quarternary -two or more strands join into a larger molecule

42
Q

Two examples of nucleic acids?

A

DNA - long term storage of information

RNA - functions in protein synthesis

43
Q

Function of ATP? How does it work?

A
  • provide energy for chemical reactions

- takes modified RNA with three phosphate groups

44
Q

Function of enzymes?

A

Act as a biological catalyst to increase rate of chemical reactions

45
Q

How are enzymes affected by environmental factors?

A

Enzymes are broken down above 100° C, and react slowly at 0° C.
Optimum temperature for enzymes reactions is at room temp
React better at a constant, warm temp

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