Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology > A&P 5 lecture slides > Flashcards

A&P 5 lecture slides Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integumentary system is composed of and what do they contain

A

Cutaneous membrane (skin) with two layers

Accessory Structures: hair, nails, exocrine glands

Subcutaneous Layer: separates the integument above from the organs and muscles, composed of mostly adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two layers of Cutaneous membrane (skin)

A

Epidermis: superficial epithelium; “epi” above the dermis

Dermis: underlying layers of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of the Integumentary system

A

Protection
Excretion
Maintenance of normal body temperature
Synthesis of vitamin D
Storage of nutrients
Sensory perception (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the epidermis composed of

A

stratified squamous epithelial tissue arranged in 4 to 5 layers, or strata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Features/functions of the epidermis

A

contains no blood vessels (avascular)
provides mechanical protection
prevents fluid loss
guards against microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, viruses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis from uppermost layer to the bottom layer

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stratum germinativum features/functions

A

Bottom most (or basal) epithelial layer
Epidermal ridges increase the surface area of contact between epidermis and the underlying dermis
Basal (epithelial) cells produce new cells that replace lost or shed cells at surface
Melanocytes – produce melanin that colors epidermis
Merkel’s cells – cells sensitive to touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Stratum corneum features

A

15-30 layers of dead flat epithelial cells that are filled with keratin

Keratinized cells are connected by desmosomes that hold them together ; cells shed in sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Skin Color contains variable quantities of 2 pigments: What are the colors of these pigments and vitamins associated with them

A

Carotene – yellow-orange pigment found in orange vegetables (carrots & squashes); can be converted into Vitamin A

Melanin – brown, yellow-brown or black pigment produced by melanocytes; melanin production is triggered by ultra-violet (UV) light from the sun; melanin protects from skin damage though some UV light is helpful for synthesizing Vitamin D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Melanocyte cells are found where? What do they produce?

A

Found in stratum germinativum

Produce melanosomes, these travel to keratinocytes (epidermal cell which produces keratin) where they are broken down and release their pigment melanin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can blood circulation color the skin?

A

Blood vessels travel in the dermis and in the tissue below the dermis

When blood is rich in oxygen, blood is bright red and this can influence skin color

When vessels are dilated, skin turns brighter red (e.g. blushing, heat, swollen)

But if blood is low in oxygen, the color of the skin becomes blueish (cyanosis); can appear blue around lips and beneath nails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyanosis can occur due

A

extreme cold, or in respiratory disorders, severe asthma, heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ultraviolet light stimulates epidermal cells in lower epidermis to synthesize

A

vitamin D
vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

this Vitamin D helps to promote

A

Calcium and phosphate uptake which keeps bones strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two Skin Cancers

A

Carcinomas- metastasis is rare; treatment is surgical removal of tumor

Melanoma- is more serious; cancerous cells grow rapidly & metastasize through the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Two types of Carcinoma skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma in stratum germinativum
squamous cell carcinoma higher levels of epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Detection of Melanoma

A

Skin needs to be examined for unusual darkened spots that have:
Asymmetry – tend to be irregular in shape
Border – the border of a melanoma is unclear
Color – generally variable coloring in different areas (tan, brown, black, red, pink, white, blue)
Diameter – spot changes size. bigger than 5mm in diameter is dangerous

18
Q

The Dermis connective tissue lying beneath the epidermis have two layers, what are the two layers called and what do they contain

A

Papillary layer consists of areolar tissue (loose connective tissue), capillaries, sensory neurons, various types of cells

Reticular layer contains interwoven meshwork of collagen & elastic fibers (irregular connective tissue) which enable it to withstand tension and physical distortion

19
Q

What are they lines of cleavage

A

due to the orientation of bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in dermis

lines are oriented to resist stresses of movement

20
Q

What are the clinical significance lines of cleavage

A

incision parallel to lines of cleavage heals quicker
incision perpendicular to lines of cleavage heals slower

21
Q

Dermal Blood Supply function

A

Supplies blood to the hair follicles, sweat glands in the dermis
Sends small loops of capillaries to the dermal epidermal border
Nutrients diffuse into the epidermis

22
Q

We find the subcutaneous plexus of small veins and arteries in

A

the hypodermis

23
Q

Sensory receptors the epidermis contains

A

Merkel’s cells when touched release chemicals that stimulate nerve endings (Merkel’s discs), very sensitive to light touch
Free nerve endings unspecialized and respond to pain
Root hair plexus detect movement of hair

24
Q

Sensory receptors the dermis contains

A

Meisner’s (tactile) corpuscles: light touch
Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles: deep pressure; vibrations
Ruffini’s corpuscles: skin distortion

25
Q

Subcutaneous Layer (hypodermis) consists of what and what is its function

A

Areolar & adipose connective tissue

Important in stabilizing the position of the skin relative to underlying muscles & organs

Contains a lot of venous blood, especially in upper part - the blood forms a “blood reservoir”, this blood can be shunted to general circulation (reservoir emptied and filled as needed)

The deep hypodermis has few blood vessels & no organs. This is a good site for to give injections (hypodermic needle)

26
Q

Hair’s function

A

Protect scalp from ultraviolet light
Insulation
Guard entrances to nostrils, ear canals, eyelashes protect eyes
Hair roots are surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus) can detect movement of shaft

27
Q

Where is Hair produced in and composed of

A

Hair follicles

Composed of root and shaft

28
Q

Hair’s root base are surrounded by

A

hair bulb & root hair plexus

29
Q

What do hairs have

A

soft medulla & hard cortex

30
Q

What is the hair cuticle

A

A protective layer of a hair (dead keratinized cells)

31
Q

Four types of glands found in skin

A

Sebaceous glands
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Mammary glands
Ceruminous glands

32
Q

Function of the Sebaceous (oil glands)

A

secrete oily, waxy sebum onto hair shaft; also found unassociated with hair on face, back, chest, nipples, external genitalia)

33
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands, where they’re found and functions

A

Apocrine sweat glands – found in armpits, and groin; odorous secretion; usually associated with a hair

Eccrine sweat glands extensively found in skin, more watery type of sweat; cools surface of skin; excretes water and electrolytes (salt), dilutes harmful chemicals and kills microorganisms

34
Q

Mammary glands are found where and what are is their function

A

glands found in breasts, secrete milk

35
Q

Ceruminous glands are found where and what are is their function

A

deep in ear canal produce waxy cerumen

36
Q

How many steps need to happen for skin to regenerate effectively

A

Four steps happen

37
Q

What happens in step 1 of skin repair

A

bleeding occurs
scab is formed (from fibrin)
mast cells cause inflammatory response

38
Q

What happens in step 2 of skin repair

A

scab isolates area
enhanced circulation
phagocytic cells active
fibroblasts move into area
stratum germinativum migrates under scab

39
Q

What happens in step 3 of skin repair

A

scab is disappearing
fibroblast activity lead new tissue

40
Q

What happens in step 4 of skin repair

A

scab is shed
epidermis is completed
newly formed scar tissue – inflexible, fibrous, noncellular

41
Q

What tissue is the hair follicle composed of and where does it descend to

A

The hair follicle is made up of epidermis (epithelial tissue) that descends down into the dermis

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions