A&P 2 lecture slides Flashcards
Atomic number
number of protons
Atomic mass
number of protons & neutrons
The first shell contain
2 electrons max
The second shell contains
8 electrons max
The third shell contains
8 electrons max or 18 electrons max depends on the atomic number
Covalent bonds
bonds between atoms where they share electrons
Nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between atoms
Polar Covalent Bonds
electrons are shared non-equally between atoms
Ionic bonds
bond between two ions held together by transfer of electrons (attraction between a positively charged and a negatively charged atom)
Hydrogen bonds
a weak bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen or nitrogen atom (usually between two different molecules)
Ions are
atoms that have either a positive charge (cations) or a negative charge (anions)
Chemical reaction
when reactants combine to produce one or more products
There are three types of reactions
Decomposition reaction/ catabolic reaction – gives off energy
Synthesis reaction/anabolic reaction – requires input of energy
Exchange reaction
Chemical reactions need activation energy in order to take place, special proteins called _______ can lower the activation energy which in turn speeds up the reaction
enzymes
Inorganic compounds
do not contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components
Organic compounds
do contain hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) together as principle components (Four types 1. carbohydrates, 2. lipids, 3. proteins, 4. nucleic acids)
Waters special 4 properties for the body
Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrification
What is Solubility
tendency for many substances to dissolve in water
What is Reactivity
it permits chemical reactions to take place within it; it also participates in some reactions e.g. hydrolysis & dehydration
What is High heat capacity
ability to absorb and retain heat
What is Lubrification
reduces friction between opposing surfaces
Electrolytes
soluble inorganic molecules, whose + and - ions conduct an electrical current
Electrolytes are important for
nerve impulses, muscles, nerve propagation
What are the 4 principal types of organic compounds
- Carbohydrates (sugars)
- lipids (fats)
- proteins
- nucleic acids
what are Monomers
simple forms of organic compounds
what are Polymers
complex forms of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
are important sources of energy for the body. They contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (C6 H12 O6 Glucose)
Carbohydrates monomer is called
Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates polymer is called
Polysaccharide (a long chain of monosaccharides)
Lipids
includes fats, oils and waxes. Have a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:2 but the proportion of oxygen is much less. All are insoluble in water and form essential structures of cells such as the cell membrane
What is lipids monomer and polymer
Monomer - Glycerol and fatty acids
Polymer - Triglyceride
5 Classes of Lipids
fatty acids
steroids
phospholipids
glycolipids
tryglycerides
Fatty Acids
long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. One end always has a carboxyl group (COOH), The other end has a hydrocarbon tail
Two types of fatty acids
Saturated
Unsaturated
Saturated
every carbon holds maximum possible hydrogen atoms
Unsaturated
some carbons do not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to them
Steroid lipids
are important components of cell membranes (e.g. cholesterol). These are structural steroids. Some steroids are hormones and regulate sexual function (testosterone, estrogens). These hormones are chemical signals that are released into our blood circulation
Proteins
have important functions in the body and comprised of chains of amino acids units(their monomer)
What is proteins monomer and polymer
Monomer - Amino acids
Polymer - Polypeptide/Protein chain
What are the 6 principal types of proteins
Structural
Contractile
Transport proteins
Enzymes
Buffering proteins
Antibodies
Amino acid monomers are joined together by chemical bonds known as
peptide bonds (these are covalent bonds)
amino acid chains longer than about 100 amino acids are called
proteins
Nucleic Acids
consist of nucleotides linked into chains or strands by the dehydration synthesis process
What is nucleic acids monomer and polymer
Monomer - Nucleotide
Polymer - DNA and RNA
Nucleotides are composed of three molecules
a pentose sugar - either ribose, the sugar in RNA or deoxyribose, the sugar in DNA
a single nitrogenous base, either -adenine (A); guanine (G); cytosine (C); thymine (T) or Uracil (U)
a phosphate group
Dehydration synthesis
To build a polymer by removing a molecule of H2O
Hydrolysis
To break down polymers by adding a molecule of H2O
Why do ionic bonds form
This is due to an attraction between positive and negative charges
The capture, storage, and release of energy and includes all chemical reactions in the body is due to
Metabolism
Organisms store energy in the form of
polysaccharides
A fatty acids carboxyl end
associates with water (is hydrophilic)
A fatty acids hydrocarbon tail
does not associate with water (is hydrophobic)
Enzyme
special proteins that speed up (catalyze) specific reactions
Substrates
molecules that interact with an enzyme to form products
Active sites
sites on an enzyme to which substrates bind
