A&P Flashcards
3 skin layers
epidermis- outer
dermis- middle
hypodermis- inner
the circular colored skin around the nipple
areola
lives in the center of the areola
nipple
includes the nipple, Montgomery glands, and hair follicles
areola
the nipple contains how many openings of milk ducts that transport milk during lactation
15-20
the small bumps on the skin of the areola that enlarge during pregnancy
montgomery glands
the openings of the montgomery glands
morgagni tubercles
what 2 glands together secrete a fatty bacteriostatic lubrication to keep the areola and nipple lubricated and protected from infection during laction
montgomery glands, morgagni tubercles
the angle of deflection where the breast tissue meets the chest wall below the breast
inframammary fold IMF
4 margins of the breast
superior-clavicle (rib 2-3)
inferior-inframammary crease (rib 6-7)
medial-sternum
lateral-mid axillary line
which quadrant is most breast tissue in?
upper outer quadrant UOQ
3 depth breast regions
anterior, central, posterior
any breast tissue behind the areola
retro-areolar
an extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla
axillary tail or tail of spence
largest portion of glandular tissue
central and UOQ
largest number of cancers are found in what quadrant
upper outer quadrant UOQ
the breast lies on top of what muscle
pectoralis major
what kind of fat is beneath the skin
subcutaneous
the breast is firmly attached to the deep fascia by what ligaments
Cooper’s ligaments (or suspensory ligaments)
in between the deep fascia and the pec muscle is an area called what
retro-mammary fat space
2 fascial layers in the breast
superficial fascia, deep fascia
connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the skin
superficial fascia
connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the muscle
deep fascia
skin to pec muscle in order (7 steps)
skin
fat
superficial fascia
breast tissue
deep fascia
retro mammary
pec muscle
ligaments that run under the skin, through and around the breast tissue. they connect to the deep facia in the front of the pec muscle
Cooper’s Ligaments
ligaments that are largely responsible for maintaining the shape and configuration of the breast and play a major role in preventing breast ptosis.
Cooper’s ligaments
what tissue is the part of the breast that makes milk and holds milk producing cells
glandular tissue (mammary glands)
what tissue holds the breast tissue in place like rubber bands
fibrous tissue
what tissue fills the space between fibrous and glandular tissue; gives breasts its size
fatty tissue
what are surrounded by connective tissue and held up between the skin and pec muscle by cooper’s ligaments; makes up the shape of the breasts
fibro-glandular tissue and fat
each mammary gland (breast) consists of a series of _____ that produce milk.
lobes
with in the lobes of each mammary gland are many ____ which connect to small ducts that connect to a bigger lactiferous ducts
lobules
responsible for delivering the milk to the nipple
lactiferous ducts
each breast consists of how many lobes
15-20
each breast lobe consists of how many lobules
10-100
together the lobule and the extra-lobular terminal duct make what
terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
specifically where cancer begins
terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
a small saclike cavity in a mammary gland
acini
a sac that holds clusters of alveoli containing mammary secretory epithelial cells
acini
connects to the intra-lobular terminal ducts, which connects to the extra-lobular terminal ducts, connecting to the lactiferous duct
alveoli
3 layers of cells surrounding terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
luminal epithelium- inner
myoepithelium- middle
basel membrane- outer
_____ system carries oxygen rich blood to cells
arterial system
_____ system takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart
venous system
3 arteries in mammo
axillary, mammary, intercostal
3 veins in mammo
axillary, mammary, intercostal
what node receives 75%-90% of drainage from the breast
axillary lymph nodes
2 lymph nodes that receive breast drainage
axillary, parasternal
what are like filters for foreign particles
lymph nodes
the more ______ tissue you have, the more dense your breasts are.
glandular
an average breast has __% glandular tissue and __% fat and compress to __cm
50, 50. 4.2
5 factors that may affect breast density
age, not having children, pregnancy, breast feeding, hormones
not having children
nulliparity
BIRAD D
extremely dense; >75%
BIRAD B
scattered areas of density; 25-50%
BIRAD A
fatty or adipose; <25%
BIRAD C
heterogeneous; 51-75%
pain that is _____ and severe is a concern
focal- less than one quadrant
when is a lump concerning?
when it suddenly presents in one breast
a normal discharge that may be caused by nursing, stimulation, or hormones; not concerning if bilateral
milky
a discharge that is often a sign of infection
yellow/green
a discharge that may be a sign of hormone changes or other benign conditions
black
concerning spontaneous discharge
clear/bloody
what will gripping the handlebar do?
cause a concave muscle shape
2 fixed anatomical borders
medial, superior
2 anatomical borders
lateral, inferior
which view best demonstrates medial tissue
cc
cc view projection limitation
lateral tissue-tail of spence
which view demonstrates lateral tissue
mlo
mlo view projection limitation
medial tissue
what shows the most amount of tissue in one view?
mlo
when the correct angle is used for MLO, optimal ______ is generally achieved
compression
MLO view- angle the IR so it is parallel to what
pec muscle
ACR guidelines for angle: shorter heaver patients
30-40
ACR guidelines for angle: tall slender patients
50-60
ACR guidelines for angle: average patients
40-50
MLO view- IR too high shows what
vertical muscle
CC view- IR too high=
loss of inferior/posterior tissue
CC view- IR too low=
loss of superior/posterior tissue and air gap
MLO view- what muscles should the corner of the IR be between?
latissimus and pec
