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mammo > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

3 skin layers

A

epidermis- outer
dermis- middle
hypodermis- inner

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2
Q

the circular colored skin around the nipple

A

areola

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3
Q

lives in the center of the areola

A

nipple

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4
Q

includes the nipple, Montgomery glands, and hair follicles

A

areola

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5
Q

the nipple contains how many openings of milk ducts that transport milk during lactation

A

15-20

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6
Q

the small bumps on the skin of the areola that enlarge during pregnancy

A

montgomery glands

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7
Q

the openings of the montgomery glands

A

morgagni tubercles

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8
Q

what 2 glands together secrete a fatty bacteriostatic lubrication to keep the areola and nipple lubricated and protected from infection during laction

A

montgomery glands, morgagni tubercles

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9
Q

the angle of deflection where the breast tissue meets the chest wall below the breast

A

inframammary fold IMF

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10
Q

4 margins of the breast

A

superior-clavicle (rib 2-3)
inferior-inframammary crease (rib 6-7)
medial-sternum
lateral-mid axillary line

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11
Q

which quadrant is most breast tissue in?

A

upper outer quadrant UOQ

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12
Q

3 depth breast regions

A

anterior, central, posterior

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13
Q

any breast tissue behind the areola

A

retro-areolar

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14
Q

an extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla

A

axillary tail or tail of spence

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15
Q

largest portion of glandular tissue

A

central and UOQ

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16
Q

largest number of cancers are found in what quadrant

A

upper outer quadrant UOQ

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17
Q

the breast lies on top of what muscle

A

pectoralis major

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18
Q

what kind of fat is beneath the skin

A

subcutaneous

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19
Q

the breast is firmly attached to the deep fascia by what ligaments

A

Cooper’s ligaments (or suspensory ligaments)

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20
Q

in between the deep fascia and the pec muscle is an area called what

A

retro-mammary fat space

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21
Q

2 fascial layers in the breast

A

superficial fascia, deep fascia

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22
Q

connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the skin

A

superficial fascia

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23
Q

connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the muscle

A

deep fascia

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24
Q

skin to pec muscle in order (7 steps)

A

skin
fat
superficial fascia
breast tissue
deep fascia
retro mammary
pec muscle

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25
Q

ligaments that run under the skin, through and around the breast tissue. they connect to the deep facia in the front of the pec muscle

A

Cooper’s Ligaments

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26
Q

ligaments that are largely responsible for maintaining the shape and configuration of the breast and play a major role in preventing breast ptosis.

A

Cooper’s ligaments

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27
Q

what tissue is the part of the breast that makes milk and holds milk producing cells

A

glandular tissue (mammary glands)

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28
Q

what tissue holds the breast tissue in place like rubber bands

A

fibrous tissue

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29
Q

what tissue fills the space between fibrous and glandular tissue; gives breasts its size

A

fatty tissue

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30
Q

what are surrounded by connective tissue and held up between the skin and pec muscle by cooper’s ligaments; makes up the shape of the breasts

A

fibro-glandular tissue and fat

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31
Q

each mammary gland (breast) consists of a series of _____ that produce milk.

A

lobes

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32
Q

with in the lobes of each mammary gland are many ____ which connect to small ducts that connect to a bigger lactiferous ducts

A

lobules

33
Q

responsible for delivering the milk to the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

34
Q

each breast consists of how many lobes

A

15-20

35
Q

each breast lobe consists of how many lobules

A

10-100

36
Q

together the lobule and the extra-lobular terminal duct make what

A

terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU

37
Q

specifically where cancer begins

A

terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU

38
Q

a small saclike cavity in a mammary gland

A

acini

39
Q

a sac that holds clusters of alveoli containing mammary secretory epithelial cells

A

acini

40
Q

connects to the intra-lobular terminal ducts, which connects to the extra-lobular terminal ducts, connecting to the lactiferous duct

A

alveoli

41
Q

3 layers of cells surrounding terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU

A

luminal epithelium- inner
myoepithelium- middle
basel membrane- outer

42
Q

_____ system carries oxygen rich blood to cells

A

arterial system

43
Q

_____ system takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart

A

venous system

44
Q

3 arteries in mammo

A

axillary, mammary, intercostal

45
Q

3 veins in mammo

A

axillary, mammary, intercostal

46
Q

what node receives 75%-90% of drainage from the breast

A

axillary lymph nodes

47
Q

2 lymph nodes that receive breast drainage

A

axillary, parasternal

48
Q

what are like filters for foreign particles

A

lymph nodes

49
Q

the more ______ tissue you have, the more dense your breasts are.

A

glandular

50
Q

an average breast has __% glandular tissue and __% fat and compress to __cm

A

50, 50. 4.2

51
Q

5 factors that may affect breast density

A

age, not having children, pregnancy, breast feeding, hormones

52
Q

not having children

A

nulliparity

53
Q

BIRAD D

A

extremely dense; >75%

54
Q

BIRAD B

A

scattered areas of density; 25-50%

55
Q

BIRAD A

A

fatty or adipose; <25%

56
Q

BIRAD C

A

heterogeneous; 51-75%

57
Q

pain that is _____ and severe is a concern

A

focal- less than one quadrant

58
Q

when is a lump concerning?

A

when it suddenly presents in one breast

59
Q

a normal discharge that may be caused by nursing, stimulation, or hormones; not concerning if bilateral

A

milky

60
Q

a discharge that is often a sign of infection

A

yellow/green

61
Q

a discharge that may be a sign of hormone changes or other benign conditions

A

black

62
Q

concerning spontaneous discharge

A

clear/bloody

63
Q

what will gripping the handlebar do?

A

cause a concave muscle shape

64
Q

2 fixed anatomical borders

A

medial, superior

65
Q

2 anatomical borders

A

lateral, inferior

66
Q

which view best demonstrates medial tissue

A

cc

67
Q

cc view projection limitation

A

lateral tissue-tail of spence

68
Q

which view demonstrates lateral tissue

A

mlo

69
Q

mlo view projection limitation

A

medial tissue

70
Q

what shows the most amount of tissue in one view?

A

mlo

71
Q

when the correct angle is used for MLO, optimal ______ is generally achieved

A

compression

72
Q

MLO view- angle the IR so it is parallel to what

A

pec muscle

73
Q

ACR guidelines for angle: shorter heaver patients

A

30-40

74
Q

ACR guidelines for angle: tall slender patients

A

50-60

75
Q

ACR guidelines for angle: average patients

A

40-50

76
Q

MLO view- IR too high shows what

A

vertical muscle

77
Q

CC view- IR too high=

A

loss of inferior/posterior tissue

78
Q

CC view- IR too low=

A

loss of superior/posterior tissue and air gap

79
Q

MLO view- what muscles should the corner of the IR be between?

A

latissimus and pec

mammo (13 decks)

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