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A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

3 skin layers

A

epidermis- outer
dermis- middle
hypodermis- inner

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2
Q

the circular colored skin around the nipple

A

areola

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3
Q

lives in the center of the areola

A

nipple

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4
Q

includes the nipple, Montgomery glands, and hair follicles

A

areola

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5
Q

the nipple contains how many openings of milk ducts that transport milk during lactation

A

15-20

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6
Q

the small bumps on the skin of the areola that enlarge during pregnancy

A

montgomery glands

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7
Q

the openings of the montgomery glands

A

morgagni tubercles

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8
Q

what 2 glands together secrete a fatty bacteriostatic lubrication to keep the areola and nipple lubricated and protected from infection during laction

A

montgomery glands, morgagni tubercles

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9
Q

the angle of deflection where the breast tissue meets the chest wall below the breast

A

inframammary fold IMF

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10
Q

4 margins of the breast

A

superior-clavicle (rib 2-3)
inferior-inframammary crease (rib 6-7)
medial-sternum
lateral-mid axillary line

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11
Q

which quadrant is most breast tissue in?

A

upper outer quadrant UOQ

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12
Q

3 depth breast regions

A

anterior, central, posterior

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13
Q

any breast tissue behind the areola

A

retro-areolar

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14
Q

an extension of breast tissue that extends into the axilla

A

axillary tail or tail of spence

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15
Q

largest portion of glandular tissue

A

central and UOQ

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16
Q

largest number of cancers are found in what quadrant

A

upper outer quadrant UOQ

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17
Q

the breast lies on top of what muscle

A

pectoralis major

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18
Q

what kind of fat is beneath the skin

A

subcutaneous

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19
Q

the breast is firmly attached to the deep fascia by what ligaments

A

Cooper’s ligaments (or suspensory ligaments)

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20
Q

in between the deep fascia and the pec muscle is an area called what

A

retro-mammary fat space

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21
Q

2 fascial layers in the breast

A

superficial fascia, deep fascia

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22
Q

connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the skin

A

superficial fascia

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23
Q

connective tissue layers (fascial layers) that separate the breast from the muscle

A

deep fascia

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24
Q

skin to pec muscle in order (7 steps)

A

skin
fat
superficial fascia
breast tissue
deep fascia
retro mammary
pec muscle

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25
ligaments that run under the skin, through and around the breast tissue. they connect to the deep facia in the front of the pec muscle
Cooper's Ligaments
26
ligaments that are largely responsible for maintaining the shape and configuration of the breast and play a major role in preventing breast ptosis.
Cooper's ligaments
27
what tissue is the part of the breast that makes milk and holds milk producing cells
glandular tissue (mammary glands)
28
what tissue holds the breast tissue in place like rubber bands
fibrous tissue
29
what tissue fills the space between fibrous and glandular tissue; gives breasts its size
fatty tissue
30
what are surrounded by connective tissue and held up between the skin and pec muscle by cooper's ligaments; makes up the shape of the breasts
fibro-glandular tissue and fat
31
each mammary gland (breast) consists of a series of _____ that produce milk.
lobes
32
with in the lobes of each mammary gland are many ____ which connect to small ducts that connect to a bigger lactiferous ducts
lobules
33
responsible for delivering the milk to the nipple
lactiferous ducts
34
each breast consists of how many lobes
15-20
35
each breast lobe consists of how many lobules
10-100
36
together the lobule and the extra-lobular terminal duct make what
terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
37
specifically where cancer begins
terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
38
a small saclike cavity in a mammary gland
acini
39
a sac that holds clusters of alveoli containing mammary secretory epithelial cells
acini
40
connects to the intra-lobular terminal ducts, which connects to the extra-lobular terminal ducts, connecting to the lactiferous duct
alveoli
41
3 layers of cells surrounding terminal ductal lobular unit TDLU
luminal epithelium- inner myoepithelium- middle basel membrane- outer
42
_____ system carries oxygen rich blood to cells
arterial system
43
_____ system takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart
venous system
44
3 arteries in mammo
axillary, mammary, intercostal
45
3 veins in mammo
axillary, mammary, intercostal
46
what node receives 75%-90% of drainage from the breast
axillary lymph nodes
47
2 lymph nodes that receive breast drainage
axillary, parasternal
48
what are like filters for foreign particles
lymph nodes
49
the more ______ tissue you have, the more dense your breasts are.
glandular
50
an average breast has __% glandular tissue and __% fat and compress to __cm
50, 50. 4.2
51
5 factors that may affect breast density
age, not having children, pregnancy, breast feeding, hormones
52
not having children
nulliparity
53
BIRAD D
extremely dense; >75%
54
BIRAD B
scattered areas of density; 25-50%
55
BIRAD A
fatty or adipose; <25%
56
BIRAD C
heterogeneous; 51-75%
57
pain that is _____ and severe is a concern
focal- less than one quadrant
58
when is a lump concerning?
when it suddenly presents in one breast
59
a normal discharge that may be caused by nursing, stimulation, or hormones; not concerning if bilateral
milky
60
a discharge that is often a sign of infection
yellow/green
61
a discharge that may be a sign of hormone changes or other benign conditions
black
62
concerning spontaneous discharge
clear/bloody
63
what will gripping the handlebar do?
cause a concave muscle shape
64
2 fixed anatomical borders
medial, superior
65
2 anatomical borders
lateral, inferior
66
which view best demonstrates medial tissue
cc
67
cc view projection limitation
lateral tissue-tail of spence
68
which view demonstrates lateral tissue
mlo
69
mlo view projection limitation
medial tissue
70
what shows the most amount of tissue in one view?
mlo
71
when the correct angle is used for MLO, optimal ______ is generally achieved
compression
72
MLO view- angle the IR so it is parallel to what
pec muscle
73
ACR guidelines for angle: shorter heaver patients
30-40
74
ACR guidelines for angle: tall slender patients
50-60
75
ACR guidelines for angle: average patients
40-50
76
MLO view- IR too high shows what
vertical muscle
77
CC view- IR too high=
loss of inferior/posterior tissue
78
CC view- IR too low=
loss of superior/posterior tissue and air gap
79
MLO view- what muscles should the corner of the IR be between?
latissimus and pec

mammo (13 decks)

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