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A&P 1 Lecture > A&P 1 Chapter 3 [Part1] (Lecture) [The Cell, Part 1] > Flashcards

A&P 1 Chapter 3 [Part1] (Lecture) [The Cell, Part 1] Flashcards

1
Q

*6 Types of Membrane Proteins

A

1) Anchoring 2) Recognition 3) Enzymes 4) Receptor 5) Carrier 6) Channels

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2
Q

*Anchoring Proteins

A

Attachment (adhesion) Membrane to cytoskeleton Membrane to glycocalyx Two cell membranes to each other

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3
Q

*Recognition Proteins

A

Identification Allow immune system to identify self (friend) from nonself (foe)

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4
Q

*Enzymes

A

Integral or Peripheral Brush border -Lactase -Sucrase -Maltase -Peptidases

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5
Q

*Receptor Proteins

A

Communication Bind to specific substances/substrates Hormone receptors Neurotransmitter receptor (Ligand binds with receptor proteins)

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6
Q

*Carrier Proteins

A

Transport Amino Acid Carriers Glucose carriers

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7
Q

*Channels

A

Allow/disallow passage of ions, other substances Na+ channels K+ channels Ca2+ Channels Aquaporins (water channels) [recently discovered]

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8
Q

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

A

1) Physical isolation 2) Exchange regulation 3) Environmental sensitivity 4) Structural support

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9
Q

Physical Isolation

A

“Barrier” between extracellular fluid and interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid is also known as the cytoplasm

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10
Q

Exchange Regulation

A

Controls what enters and exits the cells Selectively permeable

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11
Q

Environmental Sensitivity

A

Detects what chemicals are present in the ECF (Extracellular Fluid) Ex: Amino Acids, Carbohydrates, Hormones, & Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Structural Support

A

Attached to structures on inside and outside of cell Inside: Cytoskeleton Outside: Glycocalex

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13
Q

*Components of the Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bi-layer (Phospholipids & Cholesterol) Proteins (Integral & Peripheral) Glycolic Substances (Glycoproteins & Glycolipids)

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14
Q

*Cholesterol

A

Stiffness and support

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15
Q

*Diffusion

A

Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (Down the concentration gradient) Faster: Distance is shorter, Molecule size is smaller, Temp is higher, & Gradient size is larger Simple Diffusion: Lipid soluble materials, NO transport proteins Facilitated Diffusion: Small, water-soluble protein; Transport protein needed

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16
Q

*Facilitated Diffusion

A

Channels -ions Carriers -Amino Acid -Monosaccharides

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17
Q

*Osmosis

A

Movement of water (solvent) across a semi-permeable membrane. Water follows solute. Between phospholipids (Slower); Through aquaporins (faster)

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18
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

Force of water moving through semi-permeable membrane. Hydrostatic pressure: force of fluid against the membrane.

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19
Q

*Osmolarity v. Tonicity

A

Osmolarity: Total amount of solute present in a solution. How much “stuff” is in the water. Tinicity: Effect of a solution on the movement of water. Where the “stuff” makes the water go.

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20
Q

*Lysis

A

When a cell bursts

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21
Q

*Crenation

A

When a cell shrivels

22
Q

*Isotonic

A

An isotonic solution has the same solute concentration as the cytosol. There is no concentration gradient to drive osmosis, so there is no net movement of water into or out of a cell in an isotonic solution. (CELLS STAY THE SAME)

23
Q

*Hypotonic

A

A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration than the cytosol. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will gain water by osmosis and may swell and burst. (CELLS SWELL)

24
Q

*Hypertonic

A

A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration than the cytosol. A cell in a hypertonic environment will lose water by osmosis and shrivel or CRENATE, because water will be drawn toward the more concentrated solution. (CELLS SHRINK)

25
\*Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers throughout cytoplasm. Smallest to Largest: 1. Microfilaments 2. Intermediate Filaments 3. Microtubules
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\*Microtubules
* Thickest cytoskeletal layer * Hollow rods made of protein * Functions * Structural support * Anchor organelles * Organelle rail system * Organelle component * Centrioles * Cilia * Spindle apparatus
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\*Centrosomes
Microtubule organizing system. Home to centrioles
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\*Centrioles
* Composed of nine microtubule triplets * Function * Involved in formation of spindle apparatus * If cell lacks centrioles, it cannot replicate
29
\*Microfilaments
* Thinnest cytoskeletal fiber * Solid rods made of two twisted strands of actin molecules * Functions * Mechanical strength * Cell Shape Change * Pseudophobia * Muscle cell contraction * Interact with thick (myosin) filaments * Connect * Plasma membrane to cytoskeleton * \*Cell to cell * \*Organelle component * Microvilli * Terminal Web
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\*Microvilli
* Short extensions of plasma membrane * Increase surface area for absorption * Stiffened and anchored by microfilaments to terminal web of skeleton
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\*Terminal Web
* Membrane skeleton * Layer of microfilaments beneath exposed surface of cells that form linings * Intestinal lining * Skin * Provides support
32
\*Intermediate Filaments
* Medium-sized syroskeleton fiber * Tightly coiled filaments made of keratin-like proteins * Functions * Strength & shape * Stabilizes organelle position * Stabilizes cell position
33
\*Nonmembranous Organelles
* Cytoskeleton * Microvilli * Centrioles * Cilia * Ribosomes * Proteasomes
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\*Membranous Organelles
* Endoplasmic Reticulum * Golgi Apparatus * Lysosomes * Peroxisomes * Mitchondria * Nucleus
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\*Ribosomes
* Two subunits * Large (S70) * Small (S30) * Each subunit * Ribosomal Protein * Ribosomal RNA * Function * Protein synthesis
36
\*Proteasomes
* Barrell-shaped complexes * Found in cytoplasm and nucleus * Function * Breaks down unneeded proteins
37
\*Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
* Network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae) * Rough ER * Has ribosomes embedded * Smooth ER * No ribosomes
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\*Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions: * Synthesis * Membrane lipids * Phospholipids * Cholesterol * Steroid hormones * Synthesis & Storage * Glycerides * Fat Cells * Liver Cells * Glycogen * Muscle Cells * Liver Cells
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\*Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions: * Assists ribosomes in protein and glycoprotein synthesis * Proteins enter RER * Assume secondary and tertiary structure * Packaged for transport vessicles and sent to the golgi apparatus for further processing
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\*Golgi Apparatus
* Structure: * Stacks of flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers. * Function: * Storage, alteration, and packaging of synthesized products
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\*Lysosomes
* Digestion and recycling of membranous vesicles and organelles * Digestion of materials * Autolysis (digests cell)
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\*Peroxisomes
* Vesicles containing several enzymes (including peroxidase) * Breaks down toxic substances and long fatty acid chains * Found in all cells * Especially in liver and kidney cells
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\*Mitochondrion
* Power house of the cell * Produces ATP through cellular respiration * Outer membrane * Intermembrane space * Inner membrane * cristae * Matrix
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\*Cilia
* Long, slender extensions of the cell membrane * Function * Move materials across surface of the cell * Composed of nine microtuble pairs surrounding a central pair (9+2) * Basal body * Anchor for the cilia beneath cell membranes
45
\*Passive Transport
No energy needed. Goes with the concentration gradient. * Simple Diffusion * Facilitated Diffusion (Carrier-mediated transport) * Osmosis
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\*Active Transport
Energy needed. Goes against concentration gradient. * Primary Active (Carrier-mediated transport) * Secondary Active (Carrier-mediated transport) * Vesicular
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\*Carrier-mediated transport
Uses a protein (carrier or channel) * Facilitated Diffusion * Primary Active Transport * Secondary Active Transport
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\*Facilitated Diffusion
(Passive). Goes with concentration gradient
49
\*Primary Active Transport
Goes against the concentration gradient
50
\*Secondary Active Transport
One way is with the concentration gradient and the other way is against the concentration gradient.
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\*Vesicular Transport
Vesicles (transport trucks) (Endocytosis & Exocytosis) * Endocytosis * Pinocytosis- drinking * Phagocytosis- eating * Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis- receptor proteins (ligands)

A&P 1 Lecture (9 decks)

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