A&P 1 Chapter 2 [Part 2] (Lecture) [Chemistry] Flashcards
*Enzyme
Catalysts. They lower the activation energy of a reaction. (Speed up reactions) (Apoenzyme: protein part; Cofactor: non-protein part) (-ase)
*Importance of water in the body. (4 Properties of Water)
1) Lubrication
2) Lack of Reactivity
3) High Heat Capacity
4) Solubility
*Hydrophobic
Non-polar. (repels water)
*Hydrophilic
Polar. (likes water)
*pH
-log[H+]. Measures how acidic or basic a substance is. (Scale: 0 to 14) (Anything below 7: Acidic; Anything above 7: Basic; 7: Neutral)
*Acid
Increases the concentration of H+ in a solution.
*Base
Decreases the concentration of H+ in a solution.
*pH in the blood
7.35-7.45. If pH of the blood goes out the this range things in the body begin to break down.
*Organic Molecule
Molecule made up of some of the following elements: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S).
*Carbohydrate
C:H:O - 1:2:1 Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Monomer: glucose Main Function: Energy
*Lipids
Contain C & H at a ~ 1:2 ratio
3 Types: Triglycerides (Fats), Phospholipids, & Steroids.
*Triglycerides
Triglyceride= monomer
Functions= energy source, protection, & insulation
Structure: Gylcerol + 3 fatty acid chains.
(Saturated & Unsaturated)
*Phospholipids
Function= major cell membrane component
Structure: Phosphate head.
*Steroids
Function= cell membranes, chemical messengers (hormones)
4 interconnected carbon rings.
(Cholesterol; Sex hormones, cholesterol, vitamins, A, D, E, K.)
*Proteins
Complex building blocks.
12-18% body mass in adults
C, H, O, N, S
Monomer= amino acid
20 different amino acids
Basic structure of each amino acid is the same; differ in side chain (R group)
(Peptide: 2-9 amino acids; Polypeptide: 10-100 amino acids; Protein: >100 amino acids)
*Structure of Proteins
Primary: Linear chain of amino acids; sequence of amino acids determines structure
Secondary: 2 dimensional; twisting of amino acid chain due to hydrogen bonding (Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet)
Tertiary: 3 dimensional shape; folding of amino acid chain (Globular, Fibrous)
Quaternary: Arrangement of protein with more than 1 polypeptide chain
*Denaturation of Protein
Loss of 3 dimensional conformation of a protein = loss of function
Reasons for denaturation: Extreme pH (acidic or basic), Extreme temperature values, Harsh Chemicals, High Salt Concentrations
*Nucleic Acids
DNA & RNA
Monomer: nucleotide
Nucleotide components: Phosphate; Pentose Sugar (5-C; Deoxyribose or ribose); Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) [Pyrimidines: T and C in DNA, U and C in RNA; Purines: A and G]
*DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
Double Helix
Deoxyribose sugar
Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), & Cytosine (C) [A-T; C-G]
Function: Genetic material (genes); DNA contains all the necessary information needed to sustain and reproduce life.
*RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Sugar: ribose Bases: A, C, G & Uracil (U) Single-stranded Function: carry out the instructions coded in DNA 3 main types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA