A&P 1 Chapter 2 [Part 2] (Lecture) [Chemistry]

Question 1

*Enzyme

Answer 1

Catalysts. They lower the activation energy of a reaction. (Speed up reactions) (Apoenzyme: protein part; Cofactor: non-protein part) (-ase)

Question 2

*Importance of water in the body. (4 Properties of Water)

Answer 2

1) Lubrication
2) Lack of Reactivity
3) High Heat Capacity
4) Solubility

Question 3

*Hydrophobic

Answer 3

Non-polar. (repels water)

Question 4

*Hydrophilic

Answer 4

Polar. (likes water)

Question 5

*pH

Answer 5

-log[H+]. Measures how acidic or basic a substance is. (Scale: 0 to 14) (Anything below 7: Acidic; Anything above 7: Basic; 7: Neutral)

Question 6

*Acid

Answer 6

Increases the concentration of H+ in a solution.

Question 7

*Base

Answer 7

Decreases the concentration of H+ in a solution.

Question 8

*pH in the blood

Answer 8

7.35-7.45. If pH of the blood goes out the this range things in the body begin to break down.

Question 9

*Organic Molecule

Answer 9

Molecule made up of some of the following elements: Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S).

Question 10

*Carbohydrate

Answer 10

C:H:O - 1:2:1
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monomer: glucose
Main Function: Energy

Question 11

*Lipids

Answer 11

Contain C & H at a ~ 1:2 ratio

3 Types: Triglycerides (Fats), Phospholipids, & Steroids.

Question 12

*Triglycerides

Answer 12

Triglyceride= monomer
Functions= energy source, protection, & insulation
Structure: Gylcerol + 3 fatty acid chains.
(Saturated & Unsaturated)

Question 13

*Phospholipids

Answer 13

Function= major cell membrane component

Structure: Phosphate head.

Question 14

*Steroids

Answer 14

Function= cell membranes, chemical messengers (hormones)
4 interconnected carbon rings.
(Cholesterol; Sex hormones, cholesterol, vitamins, A, D, E, K.)

Question 15

*Proteins

Answer 15

Complex building blocks.
12-18% body mass in adults
C, H, O, N, S
Monomer= amino acid
20 different amino acids
Basic structure of each amino acid is the same; differ in side chain (R group)
(Peptide: 2-9 amino acids; Polypeptide: 10-100 amino acids; Protein: >100 amino acids)

Question 16

*Structure of Proteins

Answer 16

Primary: Linear chain of amino acids; sequence of amino acids determines structure

Secondary: 2 dimensional; twisting of amino acid chain due to hydrogen bonding (Alpha Helix, Beta Sheet)

Tertiary: 3 dimensional shape; folding of amino acid chain (Globular, Fibrous)

Quaternary: Arrangement of protein with more than 1 polypeptide chain

Question 17

*Denaturation of Protein

Answer 17

Loss of 3 dimensional conformation of a protein = loss of function
Reasons for denaturation: Extreme pH (acidic or basic), Extreme temperature values, Harsh Chemicals, High Salt Concentrations

Question 18

*Nucleic Acids

Answer 18

DNA & RNA
Monomer: nucleotide
Nucleotide components: Phosphate; Pentose Sugar (5-C; Deoxyribose or ribose); Nitrogen base (A, T, C, G) [Pyrimidines: T and C in DNA, U and C in RNA; Purines: A and G]

Question 19

*DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 19

Double Helix
Deoxyribose sugar
Bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), & Cytosine (C) [A-T; C-G]
Function: Genetic material (genes); DNA contains all the necessary information needed to sustain and reproduce life.

Question 20

*RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Answer 20

Sugar: ribose
Bases: A, C, G & Uracil (U)
Single-stranded
Function: carry out the instructions coded in DNA
3 main types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA