A&P 1 Chapter 22 (Lecture) [The Cell, Part 3]

Question 1

*Major Steps of Glucose Catabolism

Answer 1

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain

Question 2

*Net Results of Glycolysis (Cytosol)

Answer 2

• 2 Pyruvate
• 2 H₂O
• 2 NADH
• 2 ATP

Question 3

*Net Results of Pyrucate to Acetyl-CoA (Mitochondrium if O₂ is present)

Answer 3

• 2 Pyruvate → Acetyl-CoA
• 2 CO₂
• 2 NADH

Question 4

*Net Results of Citric Acid Cycle (Happens Twice) (Mitochondrium)

Answer 4

• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH₂
• 4 CO₂
• 2 GTP (O₂ →) 2 ATP

Question 5

*Net Results of ATP by Each Step

Answer 5

1. 2 ATP
2. 2 ATP
3. 32 ATP
4. 36 ATP

Question 6

*Why is oxygen important in the body?

Answer 6

Oxygen is important in the ATP making process. Oxygen acts as a “magnet” at the end of the electron transport chain. Oxygen “pulls” electrons down the chain. With out oxygen the elctrons do not move down the chain, thus forming no ATP.

Question 7

*Net Results of Electron Transport Chain (Mitochondrium)

Answer 7

• 32 ATP
• 12 H₂O

Question 8

*Substances, in order of preference, that can be used in metabolism to produce ATP.

Answer 8

1. Carbohydrates: Gluscose
2. Lipids: Glycerides
3. Amino Acids (Distant third): Amino acids

Question 9

*Different Lipoproteins

Answer 9

• Chylomicrons
• VLDL
• IDL
• LDL
• HDL

Question 10

*Chylomicrons

Answer 10

• SOURCE
  
  • Intestines
• TRANSPORTS
  
  • Fatty Acids & Monoglycerides
• TARGET
  
  • Cells of the body

Question 11

*Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Answer 11

• SOURCE
  
  • Liver
• TRANSPORT
  
  • Triglycerides
• TARGET
  
  • Cells of the body

Question 12

*Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL)

Answer 12

• SOURCE
  
  • VLDL
• TRANSPORT
  
  • Nothing
• TARGET
  
  • Liver

Question 13

*Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

Answer 13

• SOURCE
  
  • Liver
• TRANSPORTS
  
  • Cholesterol
• TARGET
  
  • Cells of the body

Question 14

*High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

Answer 14

• SOURCE
  
  • Liver
• TRANSPORTS
  
  • Cholesterol
• TARGET
  
  • Back to the Liver

Question 15

*What is glycerol of triglycerides turned into? What are the fatty acids converted into? What is the latter process called?

Answer 15

Glycerol→Pyruvate. Fatty Acids→Acetyl CoA (called Beta Oxidation)

Question 16

*ATP per triglyceride

Answer 16

114 ATP

Lipids are not used first because they take longer to break down because they need bile because they are not soluble in water.

Question 17

*Why proteins are at the bottom of the ATP list.

Answer 17

• Rather make more protein instead
• Small amount of ATP (18 ATP)
• Forms a toxic by-product (Ammonia)

Question 18

*What are amino acids converted into?

Answer 18

Amino acids are converted to a ketoacid to pyruvate. Price is ammonia.

Question 19

*Role of insulin

Answer 19

(Hormone from pancreas)

• Lower Blood Sugar
  
  • Absorb Sugar
  • Covert to fat

Question 20

*Role of glucagon

Answer 20

(Hormone from pancreas)

• Raises Blood Sugar
  
  • Releasing fatty acids & glycagen

Question 21

*Insulin and Glucagon are what kind of feedback

Answer 21

Negative Feedback

Question 22

*Brain can only use what?

Answer 22

Glucose. (Blood sugar levels are important)