A: Mix and Flow of Matter, section 4: technology Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
How does a detergent work?
A
It surrounds the dirt and prevents it from re-attaching to the fabric
2
Q
What does a surfactant do?
A
Cleans clothes
A substance that, when dissolved in water, lowers the surface tension of the water and increases the solubility of organic compounds.
3
Q
What does a filler do in a detergent?
A
Stops detergent from clumping
4
Q
What does the suspension agent do in detergent?
A
Stops dirt from re-attaching to material
5
Q
What does bleach do?
A
Removes stains
6
Q
What does the fragrance do?
A
Adds scent
7
Q
What does the builder do in a detergent?
A
Softens water to help the surfactant clean
8
Q
What does the corrosion inhibitor do?
A
Prevents washer from rusting
9
Q
What does the enzyme do in a detergent?
A
Removes protein stains
10
Q
What does the optical whitener do in detergent?
A
Adds brightness
11
Q
What does the coloring agent do in detergent?
A
Gives detergent color
12
Q
What causes the bends?
A
When a diver ascends too quickly and the nitrogen cannot leave their body safely.
13
Q
What is the treatment for the bends?
A
The diver is put in a pressure chamber and then the pressure is decreased slowly.
14
Q
What is a pump?
A
A device that moves fluid through or into something
15
Q
What are the two types of pumps?
A
Diaphragm and Archimedes screw
16
Q
How does a bicycle pump work?
A
A piston is pushed down and makes the cylinder high pressure
17
Q
What is a pipeline pig?
A
It cleans pipes while it is pushed through
18
Q
What is a valve?
A
They regulate or control the amount of flow
19
Q
What is a bathyscaphe?
A
It is an underwater vessel that is made to go to the deepest part of the world
a manned submersible vessel of a kind used by the Swiss deep-sea explorer Auguste Piccard (1884–1962).
20
Q
How does a submarine work?
A
If it wants to descend it fills it’s ballast with water, if it wants to ascend it fills it’s ballast with air
21
Q
What is the main topic discussed in the content?
A
Separating Earth’s Mixtures
The content focuses on the technologies used to process natural mixtures.
22
Q
What have humans developed over thousands of years to process natural mixtures?
A
Technologies
These technologies are aimed at making useful products from natural resources.
23
Q
What is an example of a natural resource mentioned that requires processing?
A
Iron ore
Iron ore needs to be processed to separate iron from it.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: Our planet is rich in __________.
A
natural mixtures
This refers to the various combinations of elements and compounds found in nature.
25
True or False: The content discusses only the extraction of iron.
False
## Footnote
The content discusses the broader topic of separating mixtures, not just iron.
26
What is the purpose of the technologies developed by humans in relation to natural mixtures?
To make useful products
## Footnote
This includes various applications in industries and everyday life.
27
What is the question posed about iron in the content?
How do you think iron is separated from iron ore?
## Footnote
This question encourages readers to think about the processes involved in separation.
28
What is the purpose of separation methods?
To take advantage of differences in physical properties of components.
29
What is desalination?
Removing the salt from salty water.
30
What must be recovered when separating mixtures involving fluids?
The solids.
31
Why is it important to know the properties of mixture components?
To effectively separate the mixture.
32
What is an example of a chemical separation method mentioned?
Certain chemicals dissolve only the gold in water.
33
What happens after gold is dissolved in water during separation?
Another chemical reaction restores the gold to its solid state.
34
Fill in the blank: The components of petroleum are separated based on different _______.
boiling points.
35
What is a limitation of the desert tent method for desalination?
It is very slow.
36
Where is the desert tent method practical?
In areas that receive a lot of bright sunlight.
37
What is required for large desalination plants to operate?
Enormous amounts of energy.
38
True or False: Desalination is only necessary in regions with abundant fresh water.
False.
39
What does the desert tent apparatus use to desalinate water?
Energy from the Sun to cause evaporation.
40
What happens to water vapor in the desert tent apparatus?
It condenses on cooler plastic sheets.
41
Fill in the blank: The drops of water run down the plastic into _______.
containers.
42
What is a common situation where manual separation would be inappropriate?
When dealing with mixtures that require fluid assistance.
43
What is the process of removing water from a solution called?
Dehydration
## Footnote
Dehydration is commonly used in food preservation.
44
How does the solvent typically separate from the solution during dehydration?
Via evaporation
## Footnote
Heat is often added to speed up this process.
45
Name three convenience foods that often come in dehydrated form.
* Pasta
* Soups
* Cake mixes
## Footnote
Dehydration helps in reducing spoilage.
46
What is distillation?
A separation method that allows all liquid fractions of a mixture to be separated and collected in different containers.
## Footnote
It is used to recover solvents and purify liquids.
47
What type of water is manufactured commercially through distillation?
Distilled water
## Footnote
Distilled water is used where only pure water is required.
48
What two important resources are found in seawater?
* Salt
* Water
## Footnote
The percentage of salt in seawater can vary significantly.
49
What is the range of salt percentage in the Dead Sea?
3.2-3.7%
## Footnote
This is one of the highest concentrations of salt in any body of water.
50
How can you recover salt from seawater?
By letting the water evaporate
## Footnote
Eventually, solid salt will be left behind.
51
What happens to steam during the distillation process?
It condenses as it cools.
## Footnote
Cooling occurs in the condenser where water circulates.
52
Fill in the blank: The percentage of salt in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean is ______.
1 (or less)
## Footnote
This indicates a relatively low salinity compared to other bodies of water.
53
True or False: The evaporation of water from seawater is a complex and expensive process.
False
## Footnote
The recovery of solute by evaporation is simple and relatively inexpensive.
54
What role does heat play in the dehydration process?
It helps speed up the evaporation process.
## Footnote
This reduces the time needed for dehydration.
55
What is illustrated in Figure 1.17 regarding distillation?
The process of evaporating a solvent to separate it from the solute and then condensing it back to liquid.
## Footnote
This figure visually explains the distillation process.
56
What is the first step in the petroleum extraction process?
Pumping petroleum to the surface
## Footnote
This results in crude petroleum, a raw material.
57
What is crude petroleum?
A raw material obtained from pumping petroleum to the surface
58
What is the process used to yield different petroleum products?
Fractional distillation
59
Define fractional distillation.
A method for separating the parts of a liquid-liquid solution by heating the mixture to vaporize at least one part
60
What happens to the gas during fractional distillation?
The gas travels up and away from the mixture and the heat, then is cooled and recondenses into a liquid
61
What is collected in a separate container during fractional distillation?
The recondensed liquid
62
What characteristics do the substances in petroleum have?
They are soluble in each other but not in water
63
What happens to each substance in petroleum during fractional distillation?
Each substance condenses at a different temperature
64
What is the structure used for fractional distillation?
A two-tower structure
65
What occurs in the shorter tower during fractional distillation?
The petroleum is heated strongly enough to vaporize every part of the mixture
66
What is done with the mixture of hot vapors after the shorter tower?
It is pumped into the bottom of the taller tower
67
List some petroleum products obtained from fractional distillation.
* Gases
* Gasoline
* Jet fuel
* Kerosene
* Furnace oils
* Diesel oil
* Lubricating oils
* Greases
* Waxes
* Tar and asphalt
68
What happens to hot vapours as they rise in the tower?
They cool and some condense into liquid
69
What is the significance of different pure substances in the distillation process?
They have different properties, leading to condensation at different levels
70
Where are fractions drawn off in the distillation tower?
At their own level by collecting pipes
71
What are petrochemicals?
Entirely new products made from raw petroleum
72
How many different petrochemicals have scientists developed?
Over 500,000
73
What is gold ore?
A mineral or group of minerals that contains a valuable substance, such as gold
74
What is the first step in extracting gold from its ore?
The ore is blasted and crushed
75
What is created when ore powder is mixed with water?
A fine suspension
76
What chemicals are added to the suspension during gold extraction?
Chemicals that dissolve gold
77
What happens to particles other than gold during the extraction process?
They do not dissolve and form solid wastes
78
What is the final step in the gold extraction process?
Zinc is added to release gold from the solution
79
Fill in the blank: An ore is a mineral that contains a _______.
valuable substance
80
True or False: The entire gold extraction process can be completed in one step.
False
81
What is the role of filters in the gold extraction process?
They separate dissolved gold from solid wastes
82
Give an example of a petrochemical product.
AspirinT™, basketballs, chewing gum, duct tape, eyeglasses, or fertilizer
83
What must be done to the gold residue after it sinks in the collecting tray?
It is carried into the collecting tray
84
What is the mixture in the rock shown in Figure 1.19?
A mixture of white quartzite and yellow gold
85
What can ultraviolet light damage?
Cells and contribute to skin cancer
## Footnote
Ultraviolet light is a known risk factor for skin cancer due to its damaging effects on cellular structures.
86
What reduces the amount of ultraviolet light reaching Earth's surface?
A layer of ozone gas in the upper atmosphere
## Footnote
The ozone layer serves as a protective shield against harmful UV radiation.
87
What substances damage the ozone layer?
CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
## Footnote
CFCs are commonly found in fast-food cartons, cavity-wall insulation, and refrigeration systems.
88
How do CFCs affect the ozone layer?
Ultraviolet light reacts with CFCs to produce chlorine, which breaks down ozone
## Footnote
This reaction contributes to ozone depletion.
89
What is the function of aerosol products?
To push out liquids with gases under pressure
## Footnote
Aerosol products include whipped cream, hairspray, and paint.
90
What principle explains how aerosol products work?
Particles flow from areas of high pressure to low pressure
## Footnote
This principle is fundamental to the operation of aerosol sprays.
91
What happens when high-energy gas particles are squeezed inside a container?
They exit through holes or cracks with great force
## Footnote
This force can create a fine foam or spray if liquid is present.
92
What design feature helps direct aerosol sprays?
Openings such as tiny holes or elongated nozzles
## Footnote
These openings influence the type of spray produced.
93
What is a potential danger associated with aerosols?
Rupture of the container due to high pressure or temperature
## Footnote
A rupture can lead to sudden release of contents and possible explosions.
94
What precautions should be taken with aerosol cans?
Keep in a cool place and away from flames
## Footnote
These precautions help prevent accidents and explosions.
95
True or False: Gases under pressure are stable and do not expand.
False
## Footnote
Gases under pressure are ready to expand due to the high energy of their particles.
96
Fill in the blank: Aerosols are no longer made with _______ due to their harmful effects on the ozone layer.
CFCs
## Footnote
This change was made to protect the ozone layer from further damage.
97
What is hydraulics?
The study of pressure in liquids.
98
What are hydraulic systems?
Devices that transmit applied forces through a liquid to move something else due to pressure.
99
How is force exerted in most hydraulic systems?
A force is exerted on a continuous, enclosed liquid.
100
What does the applied force in a hydraulic system create?
Pressure that moves the liquid.
101
What components are involved in moving the liquid in hydraulic systems?
A series of tubes, pipes, or hoses.
102
Fill in the blank: In hydraulic systems, the applied force creates _______.
pressure
103
What causes motion at the other end of a hydraulic system?
The movement of liquid through tubes, pipes, or hoses.
104
True or False: Hydraulic systems rely on gases to transmit forces.
False
105
What activity is suggested to understand hydraulic systems?
Making a simple model of a hydraulic system.
106
What is hydraulics?
The study of pressure in liquids.
107
What are hydraulic systems?
Devices that transmit applied forces through a liquid to move something else due to pressure.
108
How is force exerted in most hydraulic systems?
A force is exerted on a continuous, enclosed liquid.
109
What does the applied force in a hydraulic system create?
Pressure that moves the liquid.
110
What components are involved in moving the liquid in hydraulic systems?
A series of tubes, pipes, or hoses.
111
Fill in the blank: In hydraulic systems, the applied force creates _______.
pressure
112
What causes motion at the other end of a hydraulic system?
The movement of liquid through tubes, pipes, or hoses.
113
True or False: Hydraulic systems rely on gases to transmit forces.
False
114
What activity is suggested to understand hydraulic systems?
Making a simple model of a hydraulic system.
