A Global Power Flashcards
What is the Bill of Right?
The Bill of Right 1689 confirmed the rights of Parliaments and the limit of the King’s powers. This confirmed that the King would no longer be able to administer justice or raise taxes without the agreement of Parliament. Parliament took control of who could be monarch, and declared that the King or queen must be protestant. A new parliament had to be elected every 3 years, and every year the monarch had to ask parliament to renew funding for the army and the navy.
When did free press appear?
In 1695.
What is the constituitional monarchy?
After the Glorious revolution, the monarch remained very important but was no longer able to insist on particular policies or actions if parliament disagreed. After William III, the ministers gradually became more important than the monarch but this was not a democracy. Only men who owned property of a certain value were allowed to vote.
What are pocket borough/rotten boroughs?
Some constituencies were controlled by a single wealthy family - pocket borrough.
Some had hardly any voters and were called rotten boroughs.
What happened in 1656?
First Jews to come to Britain since the middle ages settled in London.
Who are the huguenots?
Protestants from France who came as refugees to flee persecutions. They came between 1680 and 1720.
What is the Act of Union?
Queen Anne, the daugter of May and William had no heir. The Act of Union or Treaty of Union was agreed in 1707 to unite England, Wales and Ireland with Scotland. Although Scotland was no longer independent country it kept its own legal and education system, and presbytarian church.
Who was the first prime Minister?
When Queen Anne died in 1714, Parliament chose a German, George I to rule because he was Anne’s closest protestant relative. An attempt by the Scottish Jacobite to put James II on the throne instead was defeated. George I did not have very good english so the he need to rely on his minister. The first prime Minister was Sir Robert Walpole from 1721 to 1742?
What happened in 1745?
There was nother attempt to put a Stuart King back in place, instead of George II (George I’s son). Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie), grandson of James II, landed in Scotland. He was supported by Clansmen from the Scottish Highlands and raised an army.
What is the batte of Culloden?
In 1746, George II’s army defeated the army of Charles who fled back to Europe.
What happened after Culloden?
The clans lost a lot of their power and influence. Chieftains became landlords if they had the favor of the English king, and clansmen became tenants who had to pay for the land they used.
What is the Highlands Clearance?
Many Scottish Landlords destroyed individual small farms (crofts) to make space for larger flocks of sheep and cattle. Evictions became very common in the early 19th Century. Many Scottish people left for North America.
Who was Robert Burns?
Known in Scotland as the bard. He was a scottish poet and wrote in the Scots language, English with scottish words, and translated in English. His best known work if Auld Lang Syne.
What is the “Enlightment”?
During the 18th Century new ideas developped about politics, philosophy and science. Many of the great thinkers were Scottish. Adam Smith developped ideas about economics which are still referred today.David Hume’s ideas about human nature continue to influence today’s philosophers.
Scientific discoveries, such as Jame’s Watt work on steam power, help the progress of industrial revolution.
One of the most important principles of the Enlightment is that everyone should have a right to their own political and religious belief. and that the state should not try to dictate them.
What is the industrial revolution?
Before the 18th Century, agriculture was the biggest source of employment in Britain. There were many cottage industies where people worked from home to produce goods such as cloth and lace.
The industrial revolution was the rapid development of industry in Britain between the 18th and 19th Century.
Britain was the first country to industrialise on a large scale. This happened because of the development machinery and the use of steam power.
Coal and other raw materials were needed to power the new factories so many people moved from the countryside to work in the mining and manufacturing industries.
What is the Bessemer process?
A process for the mass production of steel that led to the development of the shipbuilding industry and railways. Manufacturing jobs became the main source of employment in Britain.
Who is Richard Arkwright?
He originaly trained and worked as a barber. He was able to dye hair and make wigs. When wigs became less popular he started to work in textiles. He improved the original carding machine. Carding is the process of preparing fibre for spinning into yarn and fabric. He also developped horse driven spinning mills that used only one machine. This increased the efficiency of production.
Later he used the steam engine to power his machines.
He is remembered for the efficient and profitable way that he ran his factories.
What else about the industrial revolution?
Better transport needed - Canal built to link factories, cities and ports especially in the middle and nort of England.
Poor working conditions - No laws to protect employees, forced to work long hours in dangerous situations. Chrildren also worked and were often treated more harshly.
Who was Captain James Cook?
During the Indrustrial Revolution it was a time of increase colonisation. James Cook mapped the coast of Australia and a few colonies were established there.
What happened in terms of Colonisation during the IR?
Britain gained control of Canada and the East India compagny, originally set up to trade, gained control of large parts of India. Colonies began to be established in South Africa.
What happened in ters of trade during the IR ?
Traded all over the world. Imported Sugar and tobacco from North America, and the West indies. Textiles, Tea and spices from India and the area that is today Indonesia.
Trading and settlements overseas sometimes brough Britain into conflicts with other Countires, particularly France.
Who was Sake Dean Mahomet?
Born and grew up in Bengal. He served in the Bengal army and came to Britain in 1782. Eloped to Ireland with an Irish Girl in 1786 and returned to England at the turn of the century.
Opened Hindoostane Coffee Hourse in 1810 in George Street, London. First curry house in Britain. They also introduced shampooing.
When were the first anti slavery group formed?
While slavery was illegal within Britain itself, it was a fully extablished overseas industry by the 18th Century. Slave came primarily from West Africa travelling on British ships in horrible conditions they were taken to America or the Carribbean to work in Tobacco or sugar plantations.
The Quakers formed the first anti slavery groups in the late 1700s and petitioned parliament to ban it.
When did it become illegal to trade slaves on British ships or from British ports?
William Wilberforce an evangelical Christian and a member of Parliament played an important roled in changing the law. Along with other abolitionist he succeded in turning people’s opinion against the slave trade. In 1807 it became illegal to trade slaves.
When was the Emancipation Act signed?
In 1833, the Emancipation Act abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stopped slave ships from other countries.
After 1833, 2 million Indian and Chinese workers were employed to replace the freed slaves. They worked in sugar plantation in the Caribbean, in mines in South Africa, on railways in East africa and in the army in Kenya.
When was the American war of Independance?
By the 1760s there were substantial British Colonies in North America. They were wealthy and educated and had gone to America for Religious Freedom. The British government wanted to tax them which the colonist saw as an attack on their freedom and fighting broke out. In 1776 13 American colonies declared their independence stating thta people had a right to establish their own government. The colonist defeated the British Army and in 1783 Britain recognised the independence of the colonies.
When was the battle of Trafalgar?
1805 - Britain won against the French and Spanish fleets. Admiral Nelson was in charge of the British fleet and was killed during the Battle. His ship was HMS Victory.
When was the battle of Waterloo?
1815 - that marked the end of the French Wars when the duke of Wellington defeated the Emperor Napoleon. Wellington was known as the Iron Duke and later became PM.
When was the Union Jack created ?
In 1801 Ireland became united with England, Wales and Scotland after the Act of Union of 1800.
What was the Vitorian Age?
Victoria reigned from 1837 until 1901. It was a time when Britain gained in power and influence abroad.
What was the British Empire?
During the Victorian age, the British Empire grew to cover all of India, Australia and large parts of Africa. It became the largest empire the world had ever seen, with an estimated population of 400millions. Between 1853 and 1913 as many as 13 millions britons left to settle overseas.
When was the corn Laws repealed ?
1846 - allowed the import of cheap grain which in turn helped develop the industry as cheap raw material could be imported
When was the great exhibition at Hyde park?
in 1851 - the Crystal palace, a huge building made of iron and glass housed it. Countries from all around the world showed their goods but most were made in Britain.
What was the Crimean War?
From 1853 to 1856, Britain fought with Turkey and France against Russia. Condions were poor and a lot of soldiers died from illness caught at the hospital rather than during battle. Queen Victoria introduced the Victoria Cross to honour acts of valour.
Who was Florence Nightingale?
Born in Italy, British Parents. Nurse who improved the condistions in hospitals and reduced the mortality rate.
In 1860 she established the Nightingale training school for Nurses at St Thomas Hospital in London.
What is the first reform Act?
In 1832 the reform act inreased the number of people who had the right to vote. It also got rid of the rotten and pocket borrows. It shifted of power from the countryside to the cities and voting still depended on land ownership.
Who were the Charist?
Movement that demanded the vote for the working class. Presneted petitions to the parliament that at first seemed unsuccessful but the second reform act came.
What is the second reform Act?
In 1867 , another reform act created more urban seats at parliament and areduced the amount of property that people needed to have to be able to vote. However the majority of men still did not have the right to vote.
When were women given the right to property?
Until 1870 when a woman got married her earnings, property and money automatically belonged to her husband.
Acts of parliament in 1870 and 1882 gave wives the right to keep their own earnings and property.
Who was Emmeline Pankhurst?
She set up the Women’s Franchise leage in 1889 which fought to get the vote in local elections for women.
In 1903 she helped found the Women’s Social and Political Union, whose members were known as the sufragette. In 1918 women over the age of 30 were given the right to vote and the right to stand in parliament. In 1928 Women were given the right to vote at the age of 21, same as the men.
When was the Boers Wars?
From 1899 to 1902 the British went to war with the Boers, settlers from the Netherlands, in South Africa. Many died in war and of illness. There was sympathy from the Boers and people wondered whether the Empire could continue.
What happened to the Empire?
Although it conitnue to grow until the 1920s, there was already discussions in the late 19th Century of the future direction of the Empire. As different part of the Empire developed, they won greater freedom and autonomy from Britain. By the second part of the 20th century there was for the most part an orderly transition from Empire to Common Wealth.
Who was Rudyard Kippling?
Born in India, wrote poem based in India and the UK. Poem reflects the idea that the British Empire was a force for good.
Was awarded the Noble Prize of literature in 1907.
Worte the Just So Stories and the Jungle Book.
