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Comptia > A+ 1001: Mass Storage Devices > Flashcards

A+ 1001: Mass Storage Devices Flashcards

1
Q

Mass Storage Devices

A
  1. Optical Media
  2. Magnetic Media
  3. Solid State
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2
Q

Minimum Storage unit

A
  1. Magnetic media: Sector - 4096 Bytes
  2. Solid State Media: blocks
  3. Optical Media: tracks
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3
Q

LBA logical block addressing

A

Its the device driver for the mass storage device, usually included within the mass storage device

When the operating system wants to save data on the hard drive, it communicates with the LBA unit, which will allocate the required amounts of “blocks” for the data to be saved to.

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4
Q

Capacity

A

base 10

1000 bytes = Kilo

1000 kilo = mega

1000 mega = giga

1000 giga = terra

1000 tera = peta

1000 peta = exa

base 2 (IEC Values/LBA values)

2^10 = 1024 =  Kibi
2^20 = Mebi
2^30 = Gibi
2^40 = Tebi
2^50 = Pebi
2^60 = Exbi
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5
Q

Form factors

A

5.25 inch: Optical drives mass storage

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6
Q

Form factors

A
  1. 25 inch: Optical drives
  2. 5 inch: SATA Hard Drive
  3. 5 inch: Laptop hard drives
  4. 8 inch: SSD
    m. 2 SSD (stick)
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7
Q

Magnetic Disk Drives

A

A motor, Platters and arm inside

The Platter contains Tracks/Cylinder and Sectors

The arm has a read/write head, that reads the 1s and 0s

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8
Q

ATA

A

Advanced Technology Attachment

The language/protocol used to communicate with LBA driver

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9
Q

eSATA

A

eSATA connectors on motherboard that are designed to be used externally, with external drives (mostly replaced by usb)

eSata connectors can be installed on motherboard with an expansion card

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10
Q

SATA

A

SATA: Serial ATA

SATA connectors have L-Keys

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11
Q

Setting up SATA Drive

A

Connect data and power cables

Boot into BIOS to check if it shows up in system setup

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12
Q

SSD

A

Solid State Drives

The drive is made up of:

Chips > Pages > Blocks

formats: 2,5 inch, 1.8 inch, m.2

Interfaces: SATA & NVMe

Sata interface runs at 6Gig/Second

NVMe (non-volitale memory express) (m.2 drives are NVMe)

NVMe connectors on the mother board has only one notch.

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13
Q

SCSI

A

Small computer System Interface

An older Hard Drive that used Parallel ATA

Modern SCSI uses serial SCSI connectors

Two modern standards are: ISCSI and SAS SCSI

ISCSI are SCSI devices connected via ethernet

SAS SCSI are Serial Attached SCSI)

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14
Q

Boot Order

A

Once POST is complete the system will look for a storage device to boot from

The boot order specifies the order that the system will boot from

Can Set boot order in BIOS / CMOS setup

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15
Q

Mass storage is organized into __________?

A

Storage is organized into Logical Blocks (LBAs)

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16
Q

Which is a standard command and connection standard for mass storage devices?

A

ATA

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) is a command and connection standard for mass storage devices. Form factors are not command or connection standards. LBA is an organization structure for mass storage devices.

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17
Q

Using SATA, how is data passed between the computer and hard drive?

A

SATA uses a serial data transfer protocol. Data is transferred one bit at a time from the drive to the computer and one bit at a time from the computer to the drive.

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18
Q

SSDs are organized into logical blocks, but their memory storage cells are called what?

A

SSD memory cells are called pages. Magnetic drive storage units are called sectors

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19
Q

Which interface is the fastest? SATA, PATA, SCSI, or NVMe?

A

NVMe

NVMe uses PCIe lanes and is the fastest of these interface choices. PATA is the slowest; SATA and SCSI speeds fall between NVMe and PATA.

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20
Q

Combine SCSI with SATA to get ____________?

A

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) uses the SATA connector with the SCSI command language

21
Q

Running SCSI commands over Ethernet is called __________?

A

iSCSI uses SCSI commands sent over Ethernet

22
Q

Which is a likely reason for a computer to fail to boot?

A

When the boot order has been set to a non-bootable device

A computer cannot boot from a non-bootable device or media. USB drives, optical drives, and SSDs and are all valid boot devices (but will only boot if they contain a working, properly-created bootable drive image).

23
Q

How to format and partition a brand new hard drive

A

Windows

boot from window image

select custom install

format and partition

Linux

Boot from linux image

Click on something else option

format and partition

24
Q

RAID

A

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

Type of drive organization

25
Q

RAID 0

A

Striping

Saves the different pieces of a file on different drives

Advantages:
- Speed

Downside:
- no data safety. If anyone of the drives die, then data will be lost

26
Q

RAID 1

A

Mirroring

Saves duplicate copies of data on different drives

Advantages
- redundancy (data safety)

Disadvantage
- Slow

27
Q

RAID 5

A

Striping with parity

Minimum of three drives

Uses striping, breaking files into pieces and saving different pieces on different drives

But then uses an algorithm to create a parity piece from the pieces saved and saves the parity on the third hardrive

Advantages:

  • Fast
  • Redundancy (if any one of the hardrives die, then the parity piece can correct or fill in the missing data

Downside
- if you lose more than one drive then data will be lost

28
Q

RAID 6

A

Striping with parity

minimum of 4 drives

uses striping to break up file and save different file pieces on different drives,

Then use algorithim to produce two parity pieces based on data saved and then stores the parity pieces on two different drives

Advantages

  • Speed
  • Redundancy
29
Q

RAID 10

A

Striping mirrors

minimum of 4 drives (2 mirrored pairs each running RAID 1)

Uses striping to break up a file and saves different pieces of file on the different mirrored pairs

Advantage
- if you lose on drive in a mirrored pair, you have redundancy

Downside
- if you lose a mirrored pair, then you lose the data

30
Q

RAID 0 + 1

A

Opposite of RAID 10

minimum of 4 drives (2 striped sets)

Data is striped onto first pair, then mirror by the second pair

Advantage
- can lose a complete pair and data will be OK

Disadvantage
- if you lose a drive in each pair then data will be lost

31
Q

How to setup raid

A
  1. Hardware + BIOS

2. Through OS

32
Q

Hardware RAID setup

A

Either install RAID controller or use RAID controller on mother board

Boot int BIOS, and change from AHCI to RAID mode

Reboot

Should see the RAID code flash on screen with buttons to press CTRL + R to enter in RAID Array configuration screen

initialize disks
Creat an Array
Choose RAID type

continue boot

33
Q

RAID hot spare /swappable drive

A

Spare drive used to replace a dead drive when it dies

34
Q

Troubleshooting mass storage: Before doing anything

A
  1. BACK IT UP
    2 Mental Reinstall (retrace installation steps)
    3 Tripple check
35
Q

Troubleshooting: Raid not found/working

A

things to consider:

  1. Is the RAID controller properly connected
  2. Is the RAID controller active
  3. Are the right drivers installed
36
Q

Trouble Shooting: Read/Write Failure

A

Likely Causes
- End of life

Diagnostic tool:
- SMART scan

Actions:
- Replace the drive

37
Q

Troubleshooting: Slow performance

A

Likely Cause:
- not enough ram

Diagnostic
- the read/write led on drive is off the charts

Actions
- get more ram

38
Q

Trouble Shooting: loud clicking noise

A

The great click of death

The hard drive is physically breaking

Replace the hard drive

39
Q

Troubleshooting: Failure boot

A

likely cause:
- messed up the boot order

Actions
- Setup boot order in BIOS

40
Q

Troubleshooting: Drive not recognized

A

Likely Cause:

  • the drive has a formating problem
  • Disk not initialized

Actions

  • format and partition drive
  • initialize disk
41
Q

trouble shooting OS not found

A

Likely causes
- messed up boot process (a thumb drive in the usb)
-

42
Q

Trouble shooting: attempts to boot incorrect device

A

Like cause

- messed up boot order

43
Q

Troubleshooting: continuous reboots

A

Likely causes:

- corrupted OS, can’t boot properly

44
Q

What is the minimum number of drives to perform RAID 5?

A

3

45
Q

What is the maximum number of drive failures under RAID 6 at which the array will still function?

A

A RAID 6 array will function with up to two drive failures.

46
Q

Which is an example of a hardware RAID controller?

A

A dedicated RAID controller comes in the form of an expansion card

47
Q

What is the name of microsoft’s software RAID implentation?

A

Storage Spaces is a Microsoft software RAID implementation

48
Q

RAID 10 requires how many drives?

A

Of the choices here, the most likely result of a corrupt operating system is continuous reboots. Boot order is set in the UEFI/BIOS system setup utility. A corrupt OS can cause crashes and reboots, not slow performance. Hard drive clicking comes from a mechanical failure inside the hard drive.

Comptia (24 decks)

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