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Science 2 Term 1 > _cell structure > Flashcards

_cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

surround all cells

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane made from?

A

2 layers of phospholipids

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3
Q

the cell membrane is semipermeable. What does this mean?

A

it selectively allows materials in and out

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4
Q

What do the embedded proteins in the cell membrane have?

A

various functions

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5
Q

What does the nucleus hold?

A

DNA contained with chromosomes

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6
Q

Why does DNA exist in the nucleus?

A

the dna in the nucleus is the template used to make proteins that are used in and out of the cell. Proteins control a huge variety of activities within the cell

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7
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

A

a nuclear envelope that is porous and allows materials in and out

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8
Q

What kinds of materials need to get in and out of the nucleus?

A

signaling molecules (messengers) and enzymes need to enter the nucleus, mRNA need to leave the nucleus

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9
Q

What is contained in cytoplasm?

A

cytosol, a jelly like substance

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10
Q

What does cytoplasm do?

A

holds all the cell’s organelles in place

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11
Q

What is the cytoplasm a site for?

A

most of the chemical reactions in the cell

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12
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Structures in the cell that build proteins from genetic info (DNA)

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13
Q

What 2 types of ribosomes are there?

A

free and bound

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14
Q

Where are free ribosomes found?

A

in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

make proteins that will be used in the cell, like enzymes

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16
Q

Where are bound ribosomes found?

A

On the rough ER

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17
Q

What do bound ribosomes do?

A

make proteins that will be sent out of the cell

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18
Q

What type of protein do free ribosomes make?

A

Proteins used in the cell, many cell enzymes like those used in cellular respiration or for the lysosomes

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19
Q

What type of protein do bound ribosomes make?

A

Proteins that are sent out of the cell like hormones and other signaling molecules

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20
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A folded organelle that surround the nucleus

21
Q

What is the rough er covered in?

A

Ribosomes, which make proteins that are sent out of the cell

22
Q

What does the rough er produce?

A

many enzymes

23
Q

What does the smooth er make?

A

Lipids

24
Q

What does the smooth er produce?

A

cell membrane and steroid hormones. Also detoxifies

25
Q

In what cells are rough er mostly found?

A

pancreas and digestive tract cells

26
Q

In what cells are smooth er mostly found?

A

endocrine system cells, liver cells

27
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

It packs, labels, and transports proteins made at the rough er, and ships them out to the rest of the cell. Builds lysosomes

28
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus form?

A

a membrane around the protein to make a vesicle

29
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

the digestive system of the cell, which contains enzymes (proteins)

30
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

break down food/toxins/waste

31
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Provide energy for the cell by doing cellular respiration

32
Q

What does mitochondria change sugar (glucose) into?

A

ATP (a useable form of chemical energy)

33
Q

What does the cytoskeleton do?

A

it supports the cell like an internal skeleton, and allows the cell to move and assist in cytoplasmic streaming

34
Q

Where are centrioles (centrosomes) found in?

A

ONLY animal cells

35
Q

What does centrioles (centrosomes) do?

A

Produce spindle fibers and assist in moving chromosomes during mitosis

36
Q

What is the (central) vacuole?

A

a storage container for water, wastes and other substances

37
Q

What does the large central vacuole do?

A

helps provide stabilising support in plant cells

38
Q

What do chloroplasts produce?

A

sugar (glucose) from sunlight

39
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

chlorophyll, a pigment used in photosynthesis

40
Q

What are chloroplasts contained in?

A

plant, fungal, algal, some protist cells

41
Q

Where is the cell wall found?

A

In plant, fungal, bacterial cells

42
Q

In plant cells, what is the cell wall composed of?

A

Cellulose, and provides structural support

43
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that got engulfed by a larger cell. they stayed inside the larger cell, and this is how modern-day eukaryotes were formed

44
Q

What are some proof of the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Chloroplast and mitochondria have a double membrane, their own dna, and divide independently of the cell

45
Q

What is used to view organelles that are too small to see in the light microscope?

A

Electron microscope

46
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

the process of breaking apart cells and separating the organelles

47
Q

Why is it important to isolate organelles?

A

To study the specific function of the organelle when separated from the cell

48
Q

How do you do cell fractionation?

A
  1. Break the cell open
  2. Spin the cell around really fast
  3. Big parts go to the bottom, small/less dense parts come to the top
  4. repeat 2&3 to get smaller and smaller organelles

Science 2 Term 1 (8 decks)

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