_cell structure

Question 1

What does the cell membrane do?

Answer 1

surround all cells

Question 2

What is the cell membrane made from?

Answer 2

2 layers of phospholipids

Question 3

the cell membrane is semipermeable. What does this mean?

Answer 3

it selectively allows materials in and out

Question 4

What do the embedded proteins in the cell membrane have?

Answer 4

various functions

Question 5

What does the nucleus hold?

Answer 5

DNA contained with chromosomes

Question 6

Why does DNA exist in the nucleus?

Answer 6

the dna in the nucleus is the template used to make proteins that are used in and out of the cell. Proteins control a huge variety of activities within the cell

Question 7

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 7

a nuclear envelope that is porous and allows materials in and out

Question 8

What kinds of materials need to get in and out of the nucleus?

Answer 8

signaling molecules (messengers) and enzymes need to enter the nucleus, mRNA need to leave the nucleus

Question 9

What is contained in cytoplasm?

Answer 9

cytosol, a jelly like substance

Question 10

What does cytoplasm do?

Answer 10

holds all the cell’s organelles in place

Question 11

What is the cytoplasm a site for?

Answer 11

most of the chemical reactions in the cell

Question 12

What are ribosomes?

Answer 12

Structures in the cell that build proteins from genetic info (DNA)

Question 13

What 2 types of ribosomes are there?

Answer 13

free and bound

Question 14

Where are free ribosomes found?

Answer 14

in the cytoplasm

Question 15

What do free ribosomes do?

Answer 15

make proteins that will be used in the cell, like enzymes

Question 16

Where are bound ribosomes found?

Answer 16

On the rough ER

Question 17

What do bound ribosomes do?

Answer 17

make proteins that will be sent out of the cell

Question 18

What type of protein do free ribosomes make?

Answer 18

Proteins used in the cell, many cell enzymes like those used in cellular respiration or for the lysosomes

Question 19

What type of protein do bound ribosomes make?

Answer 19

Proteins that are sent out of the cell like hormones and other signaling molecules

Question 20

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 20

A folded organelle that surround the nucleus

Question 21

What is the rough er covered in?

Answer 21

Ribosomes, which make proteins that are sent out of the cell

Question 22

What does the rough er produce?

Answer 22

many enzymes

Question 23

What does the smooth er make?

Answer 23

Lipids

Question 24

What does the smooth er produce?

Answer 24

cell membrane and steroid hormones. Also detoxifies

Question 25

In what cells are rough er mostly found?

Answer 25

pancreas and digestive tract cells

Question 26

In what cells are smooth er mostly found?

Answer 26

endocrine system cells, liver cells

Question 27

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 27

It packs, labels, and transports proteins made at the rough er, and ships them out to the rest of the cell. Builds lysosomes

Question 28

What does the Golgi Apparatus form?

Answer 28

a membrane around the protein to make a vesicle

Question 29

What are lysosomes?

Answer 29

the digestive system of the cell, which contains enzymes (proteins)

Question 30

What do lysosomes do?

Answer 30

break down food/toxins/waste

Question 31

What does the mitochondria do?

Answer 31

Provide energy for the cell by doing cellular respiration

Question 32

What does mitochondria change sugar (glucose) into?

Answer 32

ATP (a useable form of chemical energy)

Question 33

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 33

it supports the cell like an internal skeleton, and allows the cell to move and assist in cytoplasmic streaming

Question 34

Where are centrioles (centrosomes) found in?

Answer 34

ONLY animal cells

Question 35

What does centrioles (centrosomes) do?

Answer 35

Produce spindle fibers and assist in moving chromosomes during mitosis

Question 36

What is the (central) vacuole?

Answer 36

a storage container for water, wastes and other substances

Question 37

What does the large central vacuole do?

Answer 37

helps provide stabilising support in plant cells

Question 38

What do chloroplasts produce?

Answer 38

sugar (glucose) from sunlight

Question 39

What do chloroplasts contain?

Answer 39

chlorophyll, a pigment used in photosynthesis

Question 40

What are chloroplasts contained in?

Answer 40

plant, fungal, algal, some protist cells

Question 41

Where is the cell wall found?

Answer 41

In plant, fungal, bacterial cells

Question 42

In plant cells, what is the cell wall composed of?

Answer 42

Cellulose, and provides structural support

Question 43

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 43

mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that got engulfed by a larger cell. they stayed inside the larger cell, and this is how modern-day eukaryotes were formed

Question 44

What are some proof of the endosymbiotic theory?

Answer 44

Chloroplast and mitochondria have a double membrane, their own dna, and divide independently of the cell

Question 45

What is used to view organelles that are too small to see in the light microscope?

Answer 45

Electron microscope

Question 46

What is cell fractionation?

Answer 46

the process of breaking apart cells and separating the organelles

Question 47

Why is it important to isolate organelles?

Answer 47

To study the specific function of the organelle when separated from the cell

Question 48

How do you do cell fractionation?

Answer 48

1. Break the cell open
2. Spin the cell around really fast
3. Big parts go to the bottom, small/less dense parts come to the top
4. repeat 2&3 to get smaller and smaller organelles