9B: Ovarian cyclicity Flashcards
- Non-seasonal
- Spontaneous ovulation
- right ovary (60-65%)
COW
What stage does ovulation occur?
A sign of heat/estrus, ropy clear mucus hanging from vulva or dried mucus on the flanks
vulvar mucus
Heat Detection Aid:
Freshly applied chalk positioned between
hip bones to vertical descent of tail
tail chalk
Heat Detection Aid:
● Placed at the rump region of the animal
● When the estrus cow is mounted, the detector will be pressed and will release the reddish color (seen in Initiating heat picture). This indicates that the cow is in heat.
KAMAR Heat-Mount Detector
Heat Detection Aid:
When an estrus female with the patch transmitter is mounted, the transmitter is received by a computer and will be
registered in the database. The cows are coded with numbers.
Heatwatch Estrus Detection
- Seasonal monoestrus
- Spontaneous ovulators
PH → female dogs (2-3 heats per year)
BITCH
Responsible for increased vascularization of the vagina / external genitalia.
estrogen
Takes place 3 days after → onset of estrus
Why? Surge of release of LH, then Corpus Luteum → start the increase of progesterone
(End) Diestrus → maximal level is achieved
ovulation
Signs of estrus in bitch:
hyporemic or hyperemic vulva?
hyperemic
Signs of estrus in bitch:
vulva is swelling or contracting at estrus?
swelling
Female dogs consistently have changes in the what lining?
vaginal epithelium
Stage:
- Vaginal nucleated epithelial cells (NCC or Non-cornified cells)
- presence of bloody discharge
(RBC)
PROestrus
Stage:
Effect of estrogen → from NCCs, there will be
loss of nucleus and will observe a ribbon-like appearance (CC or cornified cells); CCs will have an increased amount
at estrus.
estrus
Stage:
the vaginal epithelial cells will eventually become NCCs again and WBC will also be present
METestrus
Stage:
will have more WBCs and NCCs
DIestrus
Stage:
only stage with RBC
PROestrus
Stage:
WBC could either be present or not
ANestrus
Stage:
has no WBC
PROestrus
Estrus
Stage:
only one with no NCC
LATE estrus
Stage:
when cornified cells are mostly present
Late Proestrus to Estrus
COMMON REPRODUCTIVE DISORDER
Manifests signs similar with pregnancy:
a. Maternal behavior (nesting)
b. Development of mammary gland (P4 from CL, prolactin)
c. Enlarged uterus,
hypertrophy of endometrium, glands devout
d. Pelvis relax, external genitalia similar to pregnant experience labor
Overt pseudopregnancy
COMMON REPRODUCTIVE DISORDER
NO EXTERNAL
SIGNS of pregnancy
Check P4 Level
Covert pseudopregnancy
The reason for pseudopregnancy is due to the retained _____ even in the absence of fertilization. Though, it is still functional and luteal cells continue to produce progesterone levels.
Corpus luteum (CL)
(2) important pregnancy hormones
- progesterone
- relaxin
Progesterone is seen to have an increasing amount of progesterone and relaxin in?
a true pregnant animal
the progesterone level only increased on the 2nd day and then decreased over time
relaxin levels also did not increase
pseudopregnancy
- Seasonal breeder (long-day breeder in temperate countries)
- Breeding season (spring to summer)
- Spontaneous ovulator; 60% ovulate LEFT ovary
MARE
CL is formed → luteum cells start to produce progesterone
after ovulation (mare)
If there is no pregnancy that would occur: uterus will secrete ____ → to cause luteolysis
PGF2a (alpha)
will prepare for the next cycle if there is no fertilization that will take place
FSH secretion (mare)
SIGNS OF HEAT of what animal?
- Restlessness
- Irritable
- Swollen vulva
- Tail elevation
- Mucoid discharge
- Adapts micturition position
- Clitoral eversion & vulvar winking
- Squatting
MARE
Stallions exhibit ___ when mares are in heat
flehmen
Time of breeding:
Mare with Short Estrus (3 days) → tropical countries
Bred on the 1st day of
estrus
Time of breeding:
Mares with longer estrus (4-6 days) → temperate countries
Bred on the 3rd day of
estrus
➔ Polyestrous, spontaneous ovulator, right ovulator
(60%)
➔ Some breeds are seasonal breeders (short-day) in
temperate countries
◆ Breeding season starts from fall until
winter
EWE
Mediterranean and Spanish breeds are ____ breeders
● Merino
● Karakul,
● Persian Blackhead
● Dorset horn
non-seasonal breeders
English and Scottish breeds are _____-day
breeders
● Hampshire
● Southdown
● Shropshire
● Romney
short
What kind of breeder?
ovarian activity ceases (anestrus) with increasing daylight (spring) and is reestablished during periods of shorter day-light (fall/autumn)
Short-day breeder
➔ Shortest estrous cycle
➔ When heat is detected, best to mate them right
away so that sperm is present when animal
ovulates
EWE
Signs of heat of what animal?
- Restlessness
- Seek ram → form harem (females seek dominant ram)
- Swelling of vulva
- Standstill to be mounted
EWE
time of breeding of EWE?
from mid-estrus to latter part of estrus
HEATWATCH TRANSMITTER FOR ESTRUS DETECTION
location of Patch and transmitter?
sheep’s rump
SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe)
a. Facilitates formation of social relationship among males
b. Leads to fast onset of first copulation → enhanced puberty
c. Ram lambs (3-6 months old) → sexual segregation → delay occurrence of first copulation
Male-to-male interactions
SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe)
a. Facilitates early onset of puberty
b. Facilitates estrus synchronization (In humans, synchronization of menstrual cycles also occur)
c. Advances onset of breeding season in temperate countries
Female-to-female interactions
SEXUAL GROUP ASSOCIATIONS (Ewe)
a. Female effect - improves ram’s sexual activity
b. Male effect or ram effect
i. Advance onset of puberty in ewe lambs
ii. Shortens anestrus period
iii. Change timing of onset and end of reproductive season in adult ewes
Male-to-female interactions
Polyestrous, spontaneous ovulator
Breeding is important since within 1-½ days, ovulation occurs
DOE
Signs of heat of what animal?
- Restlessness
- Decrease appetite
- Tail twitching from side-to-side, up & down
- Tail flagging → exposing hyperemic and swollen vulva
- Standstill to be mounted
- Vulva - hyperemic, edematous
DOE
polyestrous,
non-seasonal, spontaneous ovulator
PIGS
Signs of heat of what animal?
- Restlessness
- Decrease appetite
- Peculiar repetitive grunt emitted
- Vulva - hyperemic, edematous, enlarged
- Sniffs vulva of other females
- Seeks boar - noses testis & flanks
- Stationary & rigid stance with ears cocked → ears popping/ erect
a. Allows to be mounted
b. Stand still for back pressure test - Remains still during coitus
PIGS
In pigs:
Heat check if pregnant: doppler → as early as ___ days after coitus/AI
21
➔ Long-day breeder, induced ovulator
➔ In PH, estrous cycle up to 3x a year
CATS
➔ Multiple mating = higher percentage of ovulation
LH surge occurs minutes after intromission (duration 4-16 hrs)
After 1st mating: 50% ovulation; Multiple mating: higher % ovulation
CATS
➔ LH surge needed for ovulation to take place
➔ Copulation needed to trigger LH surge
➔ Estradiol levels increasing as well prior to estrus stage
CATS
Clinical signs of heat in what animal?
- Increase affection to objects → table legs
- Crawling with chest against the floor
- Rolling
- Vocalization
- Allowing to be mounted by male
- Elevating tail → expose genitalia
CATS
FATES OF ESTRUS CAT
- Mate → fertilization → _____
- Sterile mating → ovulation → ______
- Prolonged estrus → follicular atresia → _____ (2)
- Diestrus → _____
- pregnant
- pseudopregnancy
- proestrus & estrus
- anestrus
