9.2 Flashcards
Why colonies achieved independence
- japanese humiliated western states by overrunning their colonial empires
- colonial soldiers who fought for the allies were aware that the allies wanted self determination
- WWII exhausted states
Kwame Nkrumah
- formed convention people’s party
- it was the first african political party in black africa
Jomo Kenyatta
- founded kenya african national union
- if focused on economic issues but also self rule
Decolonization in Africa
- europeans didn’t prepare africans for self rule, so political organizations that were created before WWII became formal political parties
- political activities were mostly non violent, but some were (mau mau)
Mau Mau
- violent political group in Kenya that used terrorism
- they used it to convince britain to promise their independence
Decolonization in North Africa
- the French allowed full independence of morocco and tunisia, but NOT Algeria because it had French settlers
- so the FLN used guerilla war
- they eventually got their independence
FLN
- National Liberation Front
- in Algeria (north africa)
- they used guerilla war to convince the French to give Algeria their independence
Decolonization in South Africa
- south African whites up in laws that separated whites and blacks (apartheid)
- blacks then demonstrated against this and it led the whites using violence
- after nelson mandela was arrested, blacks then started to use violence
Conflict in the Middle East
- many states became independent
- they all wanted arab unity, but their different points of views caused trouble
Question of Palestine
-jews wanted Palestine to be an independent state
- palestine was divided into a jewish state and arab state, after the jews got western support from the holocaust
- jews in Palestine then proclaimed the state of Israel
- the arabs got mad because westerns didn’t support the muslims in Palestine
- arabs then invaded the jewish state and failed
- there is now a bitterness between them
Arab League
-league created when arabs wanted unity, but this failed because they had different points of view
Nasser and Pan-arabism
-colonel nasser seized control of the egyptian government and nationalized the suez canal company
-this made britain and French mad
-the israeli joined the british and French because they were annoyed of Arabian attacks on them
-US joined soviet union, fearing that this would bring colonialism back
-they took out foreign forces and Israeli troops
-after, Nasser promoted pan-arabism or arab unity
-the UAR was created, but was broken when Syria withdrew
Nasser and Pan-arabism
UAR
- egypt united with Syria
- nasser was president
- they hoped to include all arab states, but other states were suspicious
- it was broken when Syria withdrew
Nasser
- colonel nasser seized control of the egyptian government and nationalized the suez canal company
- created UAR
- wanted pan-arabism/arab unity
Arab-israeli dispute
- egypt formed the PLO to represent the interest of palestinians
- then a guerilla movement started and launched attacks on Israeli territory
- egypt blockaded israeli
- israel launched air strikes on Egypt
- israel continued to devastated nasser’s forces and triple its territory
PLO
- palestine liberation organization
- led by Egypt
- represented the interests of Palestinians
- it led a guerrilla movement
Yasir Arafat
- led a guerrilla movement
- PLO
India
- britain divided india into india and Pakistan
- this was because the hindus and muslims couldn’t accept one state
- after this separation, violence erupted
Parts of Asia that were colonized
- ceylon (britain )
- bruma (britain)
- Indonesia (Dutch)
- in Indochina, the French and communists fought
- laos and Cambodia (French)
- vietnam was supposed to have elections, but didn’t have any, which led to the second Vietnam war
Indian National Congress
- british tried to negotiate with them to create on single indian state
- but they and the muslim league didn’t want to have one
Muslim League
- british tried to negotiate with them to create on single indian state
- but they and the indian national congress didn’t want to have one
China
- there were two governments
- Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek (US supported it)
- Communist led by Mao Zedong (north china)
- when they tried to form a coalition government, there was war between nationalists and communists
- in the end, chiang fled to taiwan, meaning communism won
- they tried to build a socialist society by first collectivization and nationalizing industries, but it didn’t work
- so they tried to combine collective farms to speed up economic growth and reach a classless society, but it didn’t work
Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries
- independent nations caught themselves between the US and soviet union rivalry (Vietnam)
- new nations tried to stay neutral (Jawaharlal Nehru)
- new nations found it difficult to stay NONALIGNED (indonesia)
Jawaharlal Nehru
- he wanted india to be neutral
- but it it put it at odds with US who was trying to mobilize all nations against internal communism
Nonaligned movement
- indonesia’s president was suspicious the west
- he sought economic aid from china and the soviet union and relied for domestic support on indonesian communist party
- the people overthrew him after resenting his reliance on the communists
