9.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Conference at Tehran
A
- stalin, roosevelt, churchill
- decided that america and britain would go through france and meet with the soviet union in germany
- the soviet union had to liberate eastern europe
- they agreed to an partition of postwar Germany, but didn’t talk about specific frontiers like poland
- it showed how russia could be “reasonable” and they could get along
2
Q
Yalta Conference
A
- roosevelt needed the Soviet’s help against Japan. in return soviet union got some lands
- churchill and stalin accepted roosevelt’s plans for an UNITED NATIONS
- four OCCUPATION zones were created
- for POLAND , they decided to have free elections, but they had to be be friendly with soviet union and were pressured to be communists
3
Q
Stalin and Church conflicting ideas
A
- stalin still believed in spheres of influence
- he was suspicious of western powers and wanted to create a buffer in case of invasion
- soviet union also wanted resources and military positions (got from US when agreed to help defeat japan)
- roosevelt believed in self-determination, meaning liberating nations and create democratic institutions and free elections
4
Q
Intensifying Differences
A
- the allie’s only goal was to defeat nazism during WWII
- now that it is accomplished, they showed their true colors
- america refused lending money to soviet union, wanting to keep it an weak state
- the soviet union didn’t liberate and make nations “free” in eastern europe, but made them communist (poland)
5
Q
Potsdam COnference
A
- truman wanted free elections
- however, stalin didn’t want this because he wanted absolute military security, which to me, would be gained by the presence of communist state in eastern europe. having free elections would make governments hostile to soviets
6
Q
Emergence of the Cold War
A
- US proposed disarmament of germany, stalin refused it. western people say this as proof of stalin’s plan to expand and create an communist east german state
- US said they needed to move american troops there. soviet union say it as a direct threat to soviet security
- the west say soviet policy as part of an worldwide communist conspiracy
- soviet unions saw american/western policy as an capitalist expansionism
7
Q
Iron Curtain
A
-it divided germany and europe into two hostile camps
8
Q
Who started the Cold War
A
- soviet union wanted to feel secure
- the US were not willing to give up the power and prestige the US had gained
9
Q
Disagreement Over eastern Europe
A
- britain and US wanted democratic freedom and self determination, and free elections
- stalin thought free election would cause eastern european nations to go to anti-soviet attitudes
- so stalin didn’t like the west’s plan
- he then made poland, romania, bulgaria, and hungary communist
10
Q
Vyacheslav Molotov
A
-prime minister of the soviet union
11
Q
Truman Doctrine
A
- civil war erupted in GREECE where communist and anticommunist forces were fighting
- britain originally helped greece after the war, but now with their own economic problems, they couldn’t
- they would cause communism to spread
- truman then said the US would provide financial aid to countries that they claimed were threatened by communist expansion
12
Q
Marshall Plan
A
- US helped recovery wartorn europe
- it was really an belief that communist aggression fed off economic turmoil
- it speed up the competition between US and soviet union
- soviet union thought it was an way for US to have countries have political independence in exchange for loans
- it prevented the spread of soviet-influence
- was an integral part of truman’s policy of containment
- it dramatically increased american political and economic influence in western and southern europe
13
Q
The American policy of COntainment
A
-designed to contain or block soviet expansion
14
Q
COntention over Germany
A
- soviet union received reparation from germany in form of booty (factories)
- british, french, and americans combined their zones to create West German
- the soviet union divided berlin into four zones
- The soviet union blockaded west berlin to halt the creation of an seperate west german state AND an rising germany
- the west’s solution was berlin air lift
- the soviets not wanting war , lifted the blockade
- the federal republic of germany (west) and german democratic republic (east) was create
15
Q
Berlin AirLift
A
-airlifted food, stuff for part of germany that was controlled by soviet union and blockaded
16
Q
New Military Alliances
A
- there was a race to create more destructive nuclear weapons
- mutual deterrence caused people to look for security and form alliances
- NATO and COMECON (warsaw pact)
- marked a break in US’s tradition of isolationism
17
Q
Mutual deterrence
A
- if one nation launched its weapons, the other nation could respond and devastate the attacker
- it prevented war
18
Q
NATO
A
- north atlantic treaty organization
- belgium, britain, denmark, france,iceland, italy, luxembourg, netherlands, norway, portugal, US, canada
19
Q
Warsaw pact
A
COMECON
-albania, bulgaria, czechoslovakia, east germany, hungary, poland, romania, soviet union
20
Q
Korean War
A
- korea was to not be controlled by japan after WWI
- it was to be divided
- at first! US and USSR decided to hold national elections to create one government
- but they eventually become two separate governments, one communist and anticommunist
- north koreans troops invaded south korea
- so america thought this was a example of communist expansion and aggression and responded by sending their own troops
- in the end, a armistice was signed
- this showed how communism was contained
21
Q
China, the US, and the Korean War
A
- chinese communists won in the chinese civil war
- this scared americans about the spread of communism
- china participated in the korean war
- to americans, it showed how china intended to promote communism
- to china, entering the war was to make sure US forces didn’t become stationed in china
22
Q
Mao Zedong
A
-leader of communist china
23
Q
FIrst Vietnam War
A
- an indochinese communist party took control of north and central vietnam
- france and this party negotiated, but it didn’t turn good and led to war
- at first it was just anti=colonial struggle against the french
- but it became a part of the cold war because US and communist china helped vietnam or france
- it ended with the division of vietnam into a communist and anticommunist half
24
Q
Ho Chi Minh
A
-led communist party in vietnam
25
Q
Escalation of the Cold War
A
- the korean war and vietnam war confirmed the american fears of communist expansion
- americans were now really determined to contain communism
- they decided to adopt a policy of massive retaliation where they would use the nuclear bomb to counteract soviet ground attack in europe
- america also started to make alliances around the world
26
Q
Hopes for Peace during Cold War
A
- stalin’s death brought hope because people thought the new leadership would be more flexible in its policies
- leaders met in geneva, but didn’t have any real benefits
- they talked about rapprochement, but this stopped because USSR used armed forces to crush a rebellion in hungary
27
Q
rapprochement
A
-harmonious
28
Q
Another Berlin Crisis
A
- soviet union launched the Sputnik and first intercontinental ballistic missile
- america was frenzied because there was an “missile gap” between US and USSR
- khrushchev took advantage of this frenzy and started to take berlin
- he announced that unless the west removed its forces in west berlin, he would turn its control of access routes to east german
- eisenhower didn’t want west berlin to be controlled by communists, so he stood firm and kurshev backed down
- this same thing happened with kennedy, same result too
- khrushchev then decided to build the BERLIN WALL to prevent refugees to coming to the west
29
Q
Sputnik
A
- first space satellite
- america was frenzied because there was an “missile gap” between US and USSR
- khrushchev took advantage of this frenzy and started to take berlin
- it became a symbol of soviet technological prowess
- the missile’s success played a role in contributing to the space race between the soviet union and the US
30
Q
West and East Germany
A
- west germany was rich
- east germany was poor
- people managed to escape east germany by going through west berlin
31
Q
Cuban Missile Crisis
A
- an soviet supported totalitarian regime was created in cuba
- america tried to invade cuba, but failed
- the USSR wanted to play missiles in cuba
- america didn’t want missiles to be so close, but US also had missiles in turkey (irony)
- kennedy decided to blockade the fleet carrying missiles and it gave time for each side to find a peaceful solution
- the agreement was that USSR would turn their fleet back if kennedy pledged not to invade cuba
- after, nuclear tests were banned
- this crisis undermined khrushchev’s credibility and played an role in his ouster from power
32
Q
Stalin’s Last years
A
- after wwii, he placed a new five year plan that emphasized extensive industrialization
- he insisted on absolute obedience
- the reign of terror ended with his death
33
Q
Khrushchev
A
-new leader of soviet union after stalin
34
Q
Khrushchev’s secret speech
A
- he boldly attacked stalin in an secret speech
- he denounced stalin’s reign of terror and repudiated his cult of personality
