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PR - Big book > 9.1 > Flashcards

9.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Membrane fluidity

A
  • kinks = more fluid, more disruptions
  • DECREASED length = more fluid
  • cholesterol = maintains fluidity at low temperatures and decreases fluidity
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2
Q

micelle

A

SOLVATION SHELL

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3
Q

what is the technical name for FAT?

A

triacylglycerol/triglyceride

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4
Q

what is saponification

A

release of fatty acids from glycerol

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5
Q

why are fats better storage molecules?

A
  1. HYDROPHOBICITY (close packing); sugars love water

2. More REDUCED

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6
Q

van der waals

A

MORE in SATURATED fatty acids = LESS FLUID

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7
Q

how do steroids act?

A

they diffuse through lipid bilayer

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8
Q

terpenes are made of

A

5 Cs, 8 Hydrogens (=ISOPRENE)

a terpene is TWO isoprenes

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9
Q

name several terpenes

A
  1. limonene (monoterpene = 2 isoprenes)
  2. humulene (sesquiterpene = 3)
  3. taxadiene (diterpene = 4)
  4. squalene (triterpene = 6) -> important for steroids (“the squalid three”)

functionalized terpenes (addition of other elements) = TERPENOIDS (VITAMIN A)

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10
Q

steroid cholesterol

A

obtain from DIET, synthesized in LIVER

packaged with FATS and PROTEINS into lipoproteins (artery plaques)

“Oh Estrogen!”

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11
Q

draw Sphingolipid (sphingomyelin) / Wax

A

wax has ESTER linkage

Sphingo = goal posts (OH - C - C - C - OH)

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12
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A-Dek (ADEK)

All are RINGED structures

A is a TERPENOID

D is from CHOLESTEROL - regulates blood levels of calcium and phosphate (“D is 4th letter, four rings”)

E is TOCOPHEROL - mEEEthylated phenol - important as ANTI-OXIDANT (alpha-tocophenol)

K - activates clotting proteins (“KKloting”)

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13
Q

Prostaglandins (draw A, E1, E3alpha)

A

p. 173

EICOSANOIDS (eicosa means 20)

derived from 20-carbon fatty acids (20)

regulate smooth muscle contraction in intestines, uterus, blood vessel diameter, gastric integrity

5-CARBON RING! “Pro5taglandins”

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14
Q

chylomicrons preceding FA oxidation

A

composed of FAT and LIPOPROTEIN, transported in lymphatic and blood stream

dump triacylglycerol, is HYDROLYZED to liberate FREE FATTY ACIDS which undergo BETA-OXIDATION at OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE (ACTIVATION of fatty acid)

catalyzed by acyl-CoA synthetase, requires two ATP equivalents to generate a fatty acyl-CoA which is transported into the mitochondria

FA oxidation occurs in the MITOCHONDRION

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15
Q

Fatty acid BETA oxidation

A

ACTIVATION: first acyl-CoA synthetase requires two ATP to greate fatty acyl-CoA, which goes to the mitochondrion

produces acetyl-CoA (sent to Krebs cycle)

lauric acid (12 carbons)

requires FAD and NAD+

  • 2 ATP investment activation
  • 5 rounds of beta oxidation
  • 5 FADH2
  • 5 NADH
  • 6 Acetyl-CoA (18 NADH, 6 FADH, 6 GTP)

11 FADH = 16.5 ATP
23 NADH = 46 + 11.5 = 57.5 ATP
6 ATP
= 80 ATP - 2 ATP = 78 ATP

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16
Q

ketogenesis

A

production of KETONE BODIES in the LIVER

generated from acetyl-CoA

include ACETONE, ACETOACETATE, BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE -> crosses BBB -> converted back to acetyl-CoA once they arrive to target organ

Acetyl-CoA -> Ketone body -> acetyl-CoA

occurs when glucose cannot enter the cell

17
Q

Q: Acetyl-CoA is a allosteric inhibitor of PFK

A

na

18
Q

bile is made from

A

cholesterol

19
Q

what three biochemical pathways occur in cytoplasm and mitochondria?

A
  1. gluconeogenesis (GNG)
  2. heme synthesis
  3. urea cycle

GNG begins in the matrix, finishes in the cytosol

20
Q

fatty acid synthesis occurs in the…

A

cytoplasm

FAS

21
Q

Acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to glucose

A

see map

22
Q

Fatty acid activation

A

fatty acid -> acyl-CoA (the activated fatty acid is BETA OXIDIZED)

fatty acid -> acyl adenylate (AMP) -> acyl CoA

23
Q

what is the carbon skeleton of AA also called?

A

alpha-keto acid!

24
Q

Fatty acid synthesis

A
  1. addition of 2-carbon subunits
  2. carboxylation of acetyl-CoA (start with acetyl-CoA) to form malonyl-CoA (3 carbon); this requires ATP
  • CO2 is lost
  • NADPH is consumed (reduces the carbonyl groups)

FAS - multiple catalytic domains (ACP acyl carrier protein), CYS residue

PR - Big book (29 decks)

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