14.1

Question 1

down syndrome

Answer 1

trisomy 21

Question 2

sister chromatids are identical?

Answer 2

Yes, but not during Meiosis. Crossing-over produces a small in one sister chromatid

Question 3

nondisjunction

Answer 3

failure of homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) fail to separate, or failure of sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate

this may lead to trisomy or monosomy because the gamete can have only 2 or 0 copies of a given chromosome

Turner’s syndrome -> 1 X chromosome

Question 4

incomplete dominance

Answer 4

PINK roses

Question 5

codominance

Answer 5

BLOOD types

Question 6

pleiotropism

Answer 6

expression alters many different unrelated aspects of total phenotype (mutation -> influences development of heart, bones, and ear)

Question 7

polygenism

Answer 7

HEIGHT

complex traits

Question 8

penetrance

Answer 8

ex. Neurofibromatosis type I

high, incomplete, or low

the likelihood a person with a genotype will express the expected phenotype (100% if the penetrance is perfect)

Question 9

epistasis

Answer 9

BALDNESS

when one gene impacts the expression of another

Question 10

linkage

Answer 10

failure of Independent assortment

genes on same chromosome

Question 11

recombination frequency (calculate)

Answer 11

recombinants / total number of offspring

Question 12

smaller recombination frequency =

Answer 12

closer the genes are

Question 13

inheritance patterns (DRAW - p. 344 table)

Answer 13

autosomal recessive - two copies -> youth
autosomal dominant - 1 copy = disease
mitochondrial
Y-linked
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant

Question 14

X-linked

Answer 14

HEMOPHILIA - x-linked recessive
Colorblindness -x-linked recessive

X-linked dominant -> still affects men more than women? the dominance is not complete?

MALES DO NOT RECOMBINE ON THE X-CHROMOSOME!

Question 15

Hardy-Weinburg assumptions (MMNsRmL)

Answer 15

1. No mutation
2. No migration
3. no Natural selection
4. Random mating
5. Large population size

MMNsRmL

Question 16

fitness (genetics)

Answer 16

how successful an organism can pass its alleles to future generations

Question 17

evolution is driven by…

Answer 17

multiple alleles with differential fitness

mutations causes change in alleles

Question 18

species

Answer 18

defined as ability to produce fit offspring

Question 19

population versus species

Answer 19

species CAN mate, population DO mate

Question 20

prezygotic (4 types)

Answer 20

prevents formation of hybrid zygote

1. temporal - different mating times
2. behavioral - mating rituals
3. mechanical - reproductive structures or genitalia are not compatible
4. gametic - sperm-egg do not recognize each other

Question 21

postzygotic barriers (3)

Answer 21

1. hybrid inviability - death of offspring in embryonic stage
2. hybrid sterility
3. hybrid breakdown - two mules mate but their offspring are inviable

Question 22

analogous versus homologous

Answer 22

homologous - same ancestral line, different phenotype

analogous - different ancestral lines, same phenotype

Question 23

genus and species

Answer 23

G and s

Question 24

taxonomy table (DRAW - p. 352)

Answer 24

draw

Question 25

abiotic synthesis

Answer 25

no enzymes around, but metals and clay were catalysts, producing proteinoids

Question 26

protobionts

Answer 26

droplets of proteinoids - microspheres
liposomes - lipids added
coacervate - polypeptides, NAs, polysaccharides -> can catalyze reactions